Lesson 7-9

• Globalization relies on media as its primary means of disseminating global culture and ideas
• Television programs, social media groups, books, movies, magazines, and more have made it easier for advocates to reach larger audiences
• Lule describes media as a means of conveying something, such as a channel of communication
• Print media includes books, magazines, and newspapers
• Broadcast media involves radio, film, and television
• Digital media covers the internet and mobile mass communication
• Internet media includes e-mail, internet sites, social media, and internet-based video and audio
• McLuhan's definition of media: the medium (singular form of media) is the message, meaning the technology itself affects and influences people, not just the message
• Television shapes the social behavior of users, moving social interactions from the dining table to the living room
• Smartphones allow users to keep in touch instantly with multiple people at the same time
• Papyrus, when introduced, reduced the need for storytellers to rely completely on their memories
• McLuhan believed technology was transforming the world into a "Global Village," where technology itself affects and influences people
• Cultural imperialism refers to the imposition of values, practices, and meanings of a powerful foreign culture on more native cultures
• Merits of media: Activists successfully overthrew authoritarian regimes in Tunisia, Egypt, and Libya in 2011
• Demerits of media: Social media bubbles can lead to herd mentality, and social media can be used to control public opinion
• Consumers and media users might find it challenging to go back in time as social media sites continue to influence social change
• People must be watchful and learn to separate fact from opinions, stay skeptical of mainstream media, prefer more credible sources, and use media produced by professionals
• Attachment is a strong reciprocal emotional bond between an infant and a primary caregiver
• Schaffer and Emerson's 1964 study on attachment:

  • Aim: identify stages of attachment / find a pattern in the development of an attachment between infants and parents
  • Participants: 60 babies from Glasgow
  • Procedure: analysed interactions between infants and carers
  • Findings: babies of parents/carers with 'sensitive responsiveness' were more likely to have formed an attachment
• Freud's superego is the moral component of the psyche, representing internalized societal values and standards
• Saskia Sassen popularized the concept of the "Global City" in the 1990s, defining it mostly based on economic factors
• Sassen identified New York, London, and Tokyo as major global cities
• Indicators of globality include:

  • Cosmopolitanism
  • Economic Power
  • Centers of Authority
  • Centers of Higher Learning and Culture
• Cities with indicators of globality attract people, material, and cultural products from all over the world
• Increase Pollution, Increase in Carbon Emissions, and Increase of Violence are challenges faced by global cities
• Gentrification is the process of displacing the poor in favor of wealthier residents in global cities
• Demography is the statistical study of populations, especially human beings, analyzing any kind of dynamic living population
• Couples choose to have children mainly due to their feelings, viewing having a child as a symbol of a successful union
• The real question is whether a child will be a financial asset or a financial burden to the family, as children can be a factor for increasing population
• Factors for increasing the number of the population include:

  • Poorer Districts (Rural Vs. Urban)
  • Rural communities prefer more children as they view them as investments and extra help in cultivation
  • Urban communities, with educated and professional families, desire one or two children and prioritize long-term savings
• Predictions about the effects of overpopulation:

  • Thomas Malthus predicted population growth would exhaust the world food supply by the middle of the 19th century
  • Paul and Anne Ehrlich predicted global environmental disasters, food shortages, and mass starvation due to overpopulation
• Various recommendations to prevent the perils of overpopulation include:

  • Chemical castration
  • Taxing additional children and luxury child-related products
  • Paying men to be sterilized after two children
  • Universal access to reproductive technologies like condoms, pills, abortions, and vasectomies
• Betsy Hartmann disagrees with Malthus's theory on population control, suggesting that governments use it as a substitute for bigger problems like social justice, lack of employment, education, and healthcare services
• Green Revolution involves high-yielding rice and cereal types and advanced cultivation methods to increase global grain production, aligning agriculture with population growth
• According to John Tomlinson, cultural globalization is really a cover for "western cultural imperialism," as it promotes "homogenized, Westernized consumer culture."
• New York has the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE)
• London has the Financial Times Stock Exchange (FTSE)
• Tokyo has the Nikkei
• The New York Stock Exchange represents the highest concentration of capital in the world.
• Global cities are also centers of authority.