Gen bio 2 (3rd quarter)

• Organismal Biology is concerned with all aspects of the life of organisms, including their biodiversity, anatomical structure, physiology, development, biogeography, and ecology.
• Reproduction is the process by which mature individuals produce offspring and is an essential characteristic of all living organisms.
• Importance of Reproduction:

  1.Procreation sustains the species so it does not become extinct

  2.Quality Improvement allows the mixing of genetic materials leading to variation among individuals in a species
• Types of Reproduction:

  • Asexual
  • Sexual
• Asexual reproduction involves only one parent or individual that produces genetically identical offspring.
• Sexual reproduction involves two parents or individuals that produce genetically different offspring through fertilization.
• Asexual reproduction - does not involve gametes, Instead parts of a mature organism May develop new individual.
• Sexual Reproduction - Involves fertilization and sexual intercourse.
• Types of asexual reproduction

  1. Binary Fission
  2. Sporulation
  3. Budding
  4. Fragmentation
• Binary Fission a cell is split into two new cells of equal size. Occurs in paramecium, amoeba, euglena, fungi, bacteria and fungi.
• Fragmentation - involves breaking off part of the parent body to form a new individual. This process is called regeneration. Happens in planaria, flatworms, earthworms, etc.
• Budding occurs when an outgrowth or bud forms on the parent body. Bud grows into a separate organism while still attached to the parent body. It happens in yeast, coral polyps, hydra, starfish, sea anemones, etc.
• Sporulation - Formation of spores.spores give rise to New haploid organism. common in molds, ferns, Bryophytes and pteridophytes.
• ADVANTAGES OF ASEXUALR EPRODUCTION

  • Retention of useful characteristics / genes / traits
  • Offspring establish faster / shorter life cycle
  • Better chances of survival because of suitable environment

  DISADVANTAGES OF ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION

  • Lack of genetic variation
  • Lowered resistance to disease
  • Loss of hybrid vigor
  • Competition for resources due to overcrowding
• GENETIC RECOMBINATION -refers to the process of recombining genes to produce new gene combinations that differ from those of either parent. Genetic recombination produces genetic variation in organisms that reproduce sexually.
• ADVANTAGES OF SEXUAL REPRODUCTION

  • Leads to variations.
  • Variations which are desirable often show hybrid vigor.
  • High adaptability of individuals to changing environmental conditions.
  • Variations provide a basis for evolutionary changes.

  DISADVANTAGES OF SEXUAL REPRODUCTION

  • Fusion is difficult if two individuals are isolated.
  • Some variations may have undesirable qualities.
  • Population growth is slow.
• Types of sexual Reproduction

  1. Isogamy
  2. Heterogamy
• Isogamy -sexual Reproduction that combine two similar gametes.
• Heterogamy- sexual Reproduction that combine two different gametes
• phylum Porifera - scientific name of sponges.
• Parthenogenesis - form of reproduction in which an egg can develop embryo without fertilization.
• Hierarchy of taxonomy

  • Domain
  • Kingdom
  • Phylum
  • Class
  • Order
  • Family
  • Genus
  • Species
• Taxonomy - naming of organisms.
• Carl Linnaeus was a Swedish biologist and physician who formalised binomial nomenclature, the modern system of naming organisms. He is known as the "father of modern taxonomy".
• 5 kingdom scheme

  • Monera
  • Protist
  • Fungi
  • Plantea
  • Animalia
• Parthenogenesis is derived form the Greek word " Virgin birth".
• There are two types of fertilization.

  • External fertilization - the offspring is not fertilization inside the body.
  • Internal fertilization -the fertilization happen inside the body.
• Gametogenesis - the process of producing reproductive cells.
• Binomial Nomenclature - each species is assigned a unique two part scientific name. Consisting of genus and the species.
• Parts of a Neuron

  • Dendrites - recieves information andand passes it to the cell body.
  • Cell body - location of nucleus and organelle
  • Axon - single portion that carries information away from the cell body.
• Feedback mechanism - a form of regulations.
• 3 types of neuron

  • Sensory neuron - received information
  • Inter neuron- process information (brain and spinal cord)
  • Motor neuron - cause action in muscle glands. Make things move
• Frontal lobe - lobe responsible for functions such as motor control decision making and personality expression .
• Temporal lobe- lobe involved in auditory processes, memory, and the understanding of language
• Parietal lobe -lobe responsible for processing sensory information from the body such as touch ,temperature ,and spatial awareness .
• Occipital lobe -lobe primary associated with visual processing and interpretation.
• Parietal lobe - lobe that plays a crucial role in integrating information from various brain regions and coordinating complex cognitive processes.
• Jasminum sambac - sampaguita.
• Carica papaya - papaya
• Canis lupus - domesticated dogs.