DNA Replication

• Enzymes in DNA Replication: Helicase, DNA Polymerase, Primase and Ligase.
• Each strand has a sugar-phosphate backbone with nitrogenous bases attached to it.
• Helicase - the unzipping enzyme
• DNA Polymerase - the builder enzyme
• Primase - creates the RNA primer
• Ligase - the gluer enzyme
• Cells have different functions
• Two molecules that play very important roles in transmitting genetic traits: DNA & RNA that are present in all biological cells that are necessary for development and maintenance.
• ROLE OF DNA: Can be found in the nucleus, contains the instructions for an organism to develop, survive, and reproduce.
• A DNA can also be found in the Mitochondria, we call this the Mitochondrial DNA.
• DNA - is known as the genome of all living organisms because its consists of genetic material.
• Functions of a cell: Copies genes that are set to be passed to the daughter cell during cell division and uses genes to synthesize proteins.
• Base-Pair Rule - Human DNA consists of about 3 billion bases and more that 99 percent of bases are the same of all people.. The bases bonds in a certain away.
• DNA Replication - can make copies of itself. Each strand of the DNA in the double helix strand serve as a pattern for duplicating the sequence of bases. An important event when the cell is divide because each new cell DNA is replicated.
• DNA Replication - the process of making a new strand with the old strand.
• DNA - is considered as the blueprint of life
• ROLE OF RNA: Since DNA is the blueprint of life, to read this blueprint, the double helical DNA is unzipped to expose the individual strands that translates it is called RNA.
• mRNA - the intermediate message and carries the instructions for making proteins.
• DNA replication - happens before cell division
• Complementary base-pairing - the pairs of the old strand are paired with the new strand. The old strand serves as the template for making the new strand.
• Topoisomerase - helps the Helicase enzyme, it unwinds the Chromosomes and DNA double-helix by creating small, reversible cuts.
• Stages of DNA replication: Initiation and Elongation.
• Initiation - when the Helicase unzips the double strand of DNA and the primase adds the RNA primer.
• Elongation - the DNA polymerase adds nucleobases (A-T-G-C)
• DNA replication is said to be semiconservative because it consists of an old and new strand.
• The direction of the leading strand is from 5' to 3'.
• The direction of the lagging strand (new strand) is from 3' to 5'.
• Ozaki Fragment - chunks of DNA that are formed during discontinuous synthesis of the lagging strand.
• Protein Synthesis - to make protein with a strand of DNA. This happens in the nucleus.
• RNA polymerase - creates a strand of mRNA.
• mRNA - takes the information of the DNA
• tRNA - has amino acids
• Codon - the pairing of the nucleobases of the mRNA by three.
• Transcribing - transcribes the DNA - RNA
• Translation - mRNA to Protein.
• Main characters of Protein Synthesis: mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA.