INTECH FIRST EXAMINATION

• a device that can accept input,

  process this input to produce meaningful output.

  Computer
• ICT/Information Technology involves the understanding and design of computers and computational processes, applying Applied Mathematics, Electrical Engineering, and Complexity Theories/Algorithms to understand and model information
• Computer hardware consists of tangible parts (electronic and mechanical) and software consists of intangible parts (data and computer programs)
• Computer hardware includes the Central Processing Unit (CPU), Main Memory (RAM), Secondary Memory, and Peripherals (I/O devices)
• The CPU, or Central Processing Unit, is the major component of a computer, known as the "electronic brain" of the machine, performing various operations on data
• Main Memory (RAM) stores data and programs currently executed by the CPU, allowing reading from and writing to any location in Main Memory
• Secondary Memory provides stable storage for programs and data over a longer period, including rotating magnetic storage devices like disks and optical discs
• Input devices like keyboards, mice, and scanners accept instructions and data, while output devices like printers and monitors convert machine-coded outputs into user-understandable forms
• Sensors are used to convert real-world properties (e.g., temperature, light) into data that a computer can process
• Computer software includes system software (controlling hardware and providing an environment for application software), programming software (used by programmers to create and support programs), and application software (allowing users to perform specific tasks)
• What is a computer?

  • According to the type of data handled
  • According to physical size
  • According to function
• Earliest computing tools:

  • Abacus
  • Napier Bones
  • Slide Rule
• Computer generations:

  • Zeroth generation - Mechanical era:
  • Pascaline
  • Stepped Reckoner
  • Difference Engine
  • Analytical Engine
  • Hollerith’s Tabulating Machine
  • Mark I
  • First generation - Vacuum Tubes era (late 1930s - early 1940s):
  • Vacuum Tubes
  • Magnetic Drum
  • Punch Card
• Second generation - Transistor era (1940s - early 1960s):

  • Characteristics of second-generation computers
• Third generation (1960s - 1970s):

  • Integrated Circuit
  • Characteristics of 3rd generation computers
• Fourth generation - Microprocessors era (early 1970s - present):

  • Characteristics of fourth-generation computers
  • Examples of computers in this generation:
  • MITS Altair
  • Apple I
  • Apple II
  • IBM PC
• Fifth generation - Artificial Intelligence (present and beyond):

  • Characteristics of fifth-generation computers
• ICT involves the understanding and design of computers and computational processes, applying Applied Mathematics, Electrical Engineering, and Complexity Theories/Algorithms to understand and model information
• Computer Science refers to creating computer applications/programs and the theories behind those processes, while Information Technology applies computer programs to aid or solve business/organizational processes
• Computer hardware consists of the CPU, RAM, secondary memory, and peripherals like input/output devices
• The CPU, known as the "electronic brain" of the computer, performs various operations on data
• Main memory stores data and programs currently executed by the CPU, also known as RAM
• Secondary memory provides stable storage for programs and data over a longer period, including disks and optical discs like CDs and DVDs
• Input devices like keyboards, mice, and scanners accept instructions and data, while output devices like printers and monitors provide the results to the user
• Sensors convert real-world properties like temperature or light into data that a computer can process
• System software controls hardware and provides an environment for running application software, including device drivers, operating systems like Windows and utilities
• Programming software is used by programmers to create, debug, maintain, or support other programs and applications, like JAVA or C++
• Application software allows users to perform specific tasks, such as Microsoft Word or anti-virus applications
• Limitations of computers
• Earliest computing tools:

  • Abacus
  • Napier Bones
  • Slide Rule
• • Fifth generation - Artificial Intelligence (present and beyond):
  • Characteristics of fifth-generation computers
• According to the type of data handled, this type of computer measure quantities that are continuous and can’t be

  counted.

  Analog Computers
• ACCORDING TO THE TYPE OF DATA HANDLED, thi type of computert Handle information than can be counted


  digital computer
• This type of computer can measuring capabilities and Logical and control capabilities.

  Hybrid computers
• Enumerate type of computers ACCORDING TO PHYSICAL SIZE.

  Microcomputers

  Minicomputers

  Mainframe Computers

  Supercomputers
• According to function, this type of computer designed to operate on a restricted class of problems and also dedicated to one function only.

  Special Purporse Computer
• According to function, this type of computer Programmed to do many different kinds of tasks and can have software installed for many different users.

  General Purpose Computer
• Capability of computer that Allows processing to be accomplished in billionths of a second.

  Speed
• a capability of computer where Electronic components in modern computers are very reliable and seldom fails.

  
  

  Reliability
• capabilities of computer to detect Errors do now occurs in computer-based informationsystems

  accuracy