Reading and Writing

• Texts: Made up of sentences; a large unit of written languages.
• Discourse: Linguistic form of communication that involves the use of language to convey ideas, thoughts, and feelings. example: talk, discussion, speech, conversation.
• Denotation: literal meaning of the word that can be found in the dictionary.
• Connotation: the positive, negative or neutral feelings, attitudes, ideas, or associations with a word.
• Which pre-writing strategy is this?

  “a book in which you write down your personal experiences and thoughts”. Journal Writing
• The first stage of the writing process is pre-writing, which pertains to different techniques that help you discover ideas before writing the first draft of a paper.
• Which pre-writing strategy is this?

  Writing down your thoughts nonstop, in the exact order, language, and form in that you think them. Freewriting
• Which pre-writing strategy is this?

  list down everything that comes into your mind as fast as you can for a certain amount of time. Brainstorming
• Which pre-writing strategy is this?

  Think of other words and phrases related to that main topic, write them down, encircle them, and draw lines connecting them to the main topic. Clustering or Mapping
• A thesis statement is the central idea of an essay, around which all other ideas revolve. It controls the essay by determining what you should or should not include in your work. In one sentence,

  it reveals and summarizes the argument you intend to develop and defend.
• Editing (Proofreading) is the more meticulous process of clarifying meaning by revising each word and line of your draft.
• Revision is the general process of going back through your whole draft, from start to end, and improving on or clarifying your subject’s meaning.
• A paragraph is a group of sentences that deals with one particular idea. Paragraphs are defined by the point that they support, the controlling idea, and not just by how long they are.
• Unity: all of the sentences are related to the topic.
• Adequate development: elaborated on using concrete evidences, different examples, relevant facts.
• Coherence: arranged logical- interest, understand, convince.
• Synonyms: words or phrases that has a similar meaning to the unknown word.
• Antonyms: a word of opposite meaning
• Examples: specific details in a text that are used to clarify the meaning of a word.
• Simile: comparison, use of "like", "as". They compare dissimilar objects that share certain characteristics.
• Situation: a word is used to determine the meaning of the word, meaning may change depending on its context, or how and where it is used.
• Metaphor: directly refers to the object being described as being or previously being the object it is compared or connected to
• Metaphor: comparison between two things without using "like" or "as". It is an implied comparison.
• Critical Reading refers to a careful, active, reflective, and analytic reading.
• in keeping a reading journal, you are writing your feelings and ideas in reaction to your reading assignment.
• Annotating the text simply means making notes on your copy of the reading. This includes highlighting or underlining important passages, etc.
• Outlining the text are helpful strategies for understanding the content and structure of a reading selection.
• Summarizing the text: synopsizes a selection's main argument in brief.
• Questioning the text: These questions are designed to help you understand a reading.
• Implicit information: means implied or understood through not plainly or directly expressed.
• Explicit information: means to fully and clearly express something, leaving nothing implied.
• Claims or central argument or thesis statement of the text. A statement essentially arguable but used as a primary point to support or prove an argument.
• Claim of fact: states a quantifiable assertion or measurable topic. usually answer the "what" question.
• Claim of policy: posit that specific actions should be chosen as solutions to a particular problem.
• Claim of value: They consist of arguments about moral, philosophical, or aesthetic topics.
• Context is defined as the social, cultural, political, historical and other related circumstances that surround the text and form the terms from which it can be better understood and evaluated.
• Intertextuality: the modeling of text's meaning by another text.
• Hypertext: simply a non-linear way of presenting information.
• Fact: a statement that can be proven objectively by direct experience, testimonies of witnesses, verified observations, or the result of research.
• Convention: It is a way in which something is done similar to traditions and norms.