English: Topic 5 to 8

• Language

  formal system of gestures, sounds, and symbols used as a mean of communicating thoughts. Written, enacted, or spoken.
• Oral Language


  utilizing knowledge and skills to speak and listen effectively through the proper use of true-to-life ideas.
• Verbal Communication


  the message is transmitted through the spoken words.
• Nonverbal Communication


  sending and receiving messages without using words, either spoken or written.
• Visual Communication


  it can help a speaker remember important topics, give the audience something to look at, and generally help convey it
• Written Communication


  making use of written word to deliver information (mail, text messages)
• Stance


  manner and position in which a person stands
• Behavior


  how you act and deliver a text through different facial expressions--showing good posture and smile, using hand gestures
• Verbs


  essential to sentence sense or meaning, formed according to time, voice, mood, and the like
• Verb Tense


  backbone of english language--time of an action or a state of being
• Simple Present Tense


  it is commonly used when stating facts and habitual actions--currently happening.

  singular verb: add -s

  plural verb: take base form
• (Simple Present) A. Habitual Action


  The young athlete always STRETCHES his body before the game starts.
• (Simple Present) B. Present State or Condition


  The medical practitioners PREPARE the COVID-19 vaccines for the kids.
• (Simple Present) C. General Truths or Facts

  The old title of the Philippine National Anthem IS Marcha Nacional Filipina.
• (Simple Present) D. General Truths or Facts


  The University of Santo Tomas IS the oldest existing university in Asia.
• (Simple Present) E. Future Actions


  The debate STARTS at exactly 5:00 in the afternoon.
• Simple Past Tense


  referring to actions that happened in the past.

  past verb tense: add -d or -ed to the base form for regular verbs

  irregular verb: change or retain spelling.
• (Simple Past) A. Regular Verbs


  I REVIEWED my lessons last night.
• (Simple Past) B. Irregular Verbs

  All clubs HELD a meeting last week.
• Simple Future Tense


  future events or actions

  "will" or "shall" with the base form
• Simple Future Tense Formula


  will/shall (helping verb)

  base form of the verb

  simple future tense
• Present Progressive Tenses


  shows an action which is happening at the moment of speaking and writing--at this time, presently, now.

  first person [singular]: I + am + verb-ing

  third person [singular]: He/She/It + is + verb-ing

  plural subject;second person [singular]: We/You/They + are + verb-ing
• Past Progressive Tenses


  action which was occurring in the past when another past action happened--while, as, when, before.

  singular subj.- subject + was + verb-ing

  plural subj.- subject + were + verb-ing
• Future Progressive Tenses


  shows an action that will continue to happen in the future--later, this afternoon, soon.

  singular or plural subj.- subject + will/shall + be + verb-ing
• Present Perfect Tenses


  began in the past and continued up to the present.

  For - duration

  Since - starting point of action

  Has + past participle form of the verb is used when the subject is singular

  Have + past participle verb form is used when the subject is plural. It is also used when the subject is I or You.
• Past Perfect Tenses


  had already happened at some point in the past--after, when, before.

  had + past participle form of the verb. (plural or singular)
• Future Perfect Tenses


  completed sometime in the future before another future action will take place--before, by the time, by the end of.

  will/shall have + past participle form
• Direct Speech


  quoted speech--repetition of original speaker's exact words--uses quotation marks (")
• Reporting Clause


  e.x.: Our manager said,
• Exact Words

  
  

  e.x.: "treat the customers like family, and they will come back."
• Reported Speech


  indirect speech

  tells what someone says in another person's words.

  quotation marks are not utilized

  it includes reporting verb "said" followed by "that"
• Facts


  proofs are evident; eyewitness account, result of a scientific method, etc.
• Opinion


  neither true nor false, belief, attitude, judgement, and it cannot be proven true by objective evidence