Only observable behaviour is measured scientifically and only these behaviours should be studied.
Animal research is valid - tabula rasa
Classical conditioning is learning by association.
Classical conditioning is passive
Stimulus generalisation is when a stimulus becomes generalised to other related stimuli assosicated with conditioned response
Stimulus discrimination is when a stimulus is not associated with a conditioned response as it's too different
Time continguity means the UCS and NS need to be presented at the same/close to the same time
Classical conditioning schedule:
UCS -> UCR.NS ->UCR
UCS + NS -> UCR
CS -> CR
Operant conditioning is learning by reinforcement or punishment
Positive reinforcement

addition of a stimulus which encourages behaviour to be repeated
Negative reinforcement
removal of a stimulus which encourages behaviour to be repeated
Punishment decreases chances of behaviour reoccurring
Skinner
used operant conditioning to encourage a rat to press a lever in response to specific visual and auditory signals
Pavlov
classically conditioned dogs to salivate on the sound of a bell ringing
Skinner: Positive reinforcement
rat presses lever > rat rewarded by food > rat presses lever again > food is a positive reinforcement that strengthens lever pressing behaviour
Skinner: Punishment
rat presses lever > punished with shock > rat avoids pressing lever > shock acts as a deterrent and weakens lever pressing behaviour
Skinner: Negative reinforcement
light on before floor becomes electrified and rat presses lever > rat rewarded with shock ending > rat presses lever when light comes on to prevent shock > end of shock acts as negative reinforcement and strengthens lever pressing behaviour
