Stats and Proba

Cards (21)

  • Statistics is the science of collection, organization, presentation, analysis, and interpretation of data for decision making
  • Probability is the body of knowledge that focuses on activities involving predicting chances and quantifying the randomness of events
  • We need to study Statistics and Probability:
    • To monitor or estimate profits in business
    • To analyze the relationship between supply and demand
    • To decide on local and national budgets
    • To predict weather conditions for emergency preparedness
    • To test new drugs and determine the likelihood of patients developing side effects
  • The Philippine Statistics Authority is the central statistical authority of the Philippine government, collecting, compiling, analyzing, and publishing statistical information on economic, social, demographic, political, and general affairs of the people of the Philippines
  • In Statistics:
    • Gathering related information such as what is useful and needed, where to get information, and how to obtain information
    • Involves systematic organization of data through collecting, classification, and presenting data for analysis
    • Extracting relevant information from data through comparison, contrast, description, and statistical measurement to derive numerical values and qualitative summaries
  • In Statistics, inferential statistics aim to make interpretations or conclusions about a population based on results derived from a data set, using measures like analysis of variance, T-test, Chi-square test, and correlation and regression analysis
  • Descriptive statistics aim to provide the basic characteristics of a data set through tables and graphs, including measures of central tendency, measures of position, and measures of variation
  • Data is a body of information or observations considered by the researcher, which when processed produces information, the basis for decision making
  • Qualitative data comes from the word "quality", indicating characteristics and consists of non-numerical data that can be arranged into categories like gender, socioeconomic status, civil status, color, and shape
  • Quantitative data comes from the word "quantity", indicating amount, size, mass, and consists of counts and measurements
  • Quantitative data can be of two types:
    • Discrete: variables whose values are obtained through counting, like the number of students enrolled in a school or the number of chairs in a room
    • Continuous: variables that can be obtained through measuring, like the volume of liquid in containers or the speed of a car
  • Levels of measurements of data:
    • Qualitative data have no order and give names or labels to various categories
    • Quantitative data have order/rank
  • Population refers to the collection of all outcomes, responses, measurements, or counts that are of interest, while a sample is a subset of a population that is representative of the population from which it was selected
  • Response rate in data collection is crucial; a low response rate may affect the validity of conclusions, with the questionnaire method often resulting in a low response rate
  • Ways of presenting gathered data:
    • Textual form: data exposed through printed or spoken words
    • Graphical form: data organized and presented through various graphs like line, bar, histogram, pie, cartograph, dot, stem-and-leaf, and box and whiskers
    • Tabular form: data arrayed in rows and columns
  • Types of graphs include:
    • Line graph
    • Bar graph
    • Histogram
    • Pie graph
    • Pictograph
    • Cartograph
    • Dot graph
    • Stem- and- leaf
    • Box and whiskers
  • Interview:
    • Method of collecting data through oral exchange of questions and answers by the researcher and respondents
    • Time consuming and taxing
  • Questionnaire:
    • Method of collecting data where a set of questions is provided by the researcher and respondents write responses
    • Can be sent through email or social apps
  • Document:
    • Method of collecting data where a researcher uses information gathered and stored by individuals or institutions
    • Information can be private or government-related
  • Observation:
    • Method of collecting data through direct observation by the researcher on an actual situation
    • Relatively inexpensive
  • Experiment:
    • Method of collecting data where the researcher gathers data like in observation but can make manipulations as required
    • Time consuming and expensive