HFDS 130

• Human Physiology is the study of the different functions of the human body systems responsible for growth, development, and maintenance of life
• Roles of Human Physiology include growth and development, maintenance of life, human and environment interaction, and diseases and disorders
• Physiology is interrelated to other fields like Anatomy, which studies the structure and relationship between body parts
• Anatomy is the study of the structure and relationship between body parts, while Physiology is the science of how those parts come together to function and keep the body alive
• Each structure in the body is built for a specific purpose, determining its function
• The 7 life processes are: movement, respiration, sensitivity, growth, reproduction, excretion, and nutrition
• Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs includes physiological needs like food, water, oxygen, heat, and pressure
• Metabolism is the biological process to convert food to energy and building blocks for growth, repair, and maintenance of life
• Anabolism builds up large molecules from smaller ones using energy, while catabolism breaks down large molecules into smaller ones releasing energy
• Homeostasis is the tendency toward a relatively stable equilibrium between interdependent elements, maintained by physiological processes
• Feedback Mechanisms are the body's way of responding to changes in the environment, with negative feedback bringing back the state to its original value and positive feedback amplifying the stimulus further
• Anatomical Position is when the body is erect and facing forward, with arms at the sides and palms forward
• Anabolism is the process by which cells build up complex molecules from simpler ones

  
• Catabolism is the process by which cells break down complex molecules into simpler ones

  
• Relationship between blood loss, oxygen and nutrient delivery to cells, ATP production, and cell death

  
• Diagram of the human body showing the three major body cavities: the dorsal cavity, the ventral cavity, and the pelvic cavity

  
• Diagram of the 9 abdominal regions: right hypochondriac, epigastric, left hypochondriac, right lumbar, umbilical, left lumbar, right iliac, hypogastric, and left iliac

  
• Proteins are made up of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds; the primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures define the protein's properties

  
• Anatomical Terminologies:

  • Anterior/Ventral = front
  • Posterior/Dorsal = back
  • Superior/Cephalic/Cranial = up
  • Inferior/Caudal = down
  • Medial = towards midline
  • Lateral = farther from midline
  • Proximal = near
  • Distal = far
  • Superficial = toward the body surface
  • Deep = away from body surface
• Body Regions:

  • Head
  • Trunk (Thorax, Abdomen, Upper extremity, Lower extremity)
• Main Body Cavities:

  • Dorsal Body Cavities (Cranial, Vertebral)
  • Ventral Body Cavities (Thoracic, Abdominal, Pelvic)
• Thoracic Cavity:

  • Pleural Cavity (2 lungs)
  • Mediastinum (space between the lungs, contains thymus gland)
  • Diaphragm (separates thorax from abdomen)
  • Pericardial Cavity (1 heart)
• Abdominal Cavity:

  • Contains digestive organs, spleen, stomach, liver, gallbladder, small intestine, large intestine
  • Pelvic Cavity: reproductive organs, parts of large intestine, rectum, urinary bladder
• Abdominal Quadrants:

  • Right upper quadrant (liver, gallbladder)
  • Left upper quadrant
  • Right lower quadrant (appendix)
  • Left lower quadrant
• Levels of Organization in Chemistry of Life:

  • Subatomic particles < atom < molecule < macromolecule < organelle < cell < tissue < organ < organ system < organism
• Major Elements of the Body:

  • C, H, O (most abundant), N
  • 9 Minerals: Na, Mg, K, Ca, Fe, P, S, Cl, I
  • 13 Trace Minerals: B, F, Al, Si, V, Cr, Mn, Co, Cu, Zn, Se, Sn, Mo
• Diagram showing the three major body cavities: the dorsal cavity, the ventral cavity, and the pelvic cavity

  
• Chemical equation for the formation of carbonic acid from carbon dioxide and water

  
• Structure of a protein: made up of amino acids linked by peptide bonds, with a central carbon atom bonded to an amino group, a carboxyl group, and a side chain

  
• Mnemonic device for remembering the essential amino acids

  
• Relationship between cells, types of tissues, and sub-types

  
• Diagram of the different types of connective tissue: loose connective tissue, dense connective tissue, and cartilage

  
• Proteins are made up of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds; primary structure is the sequence of amino acids, secondary structure is the way amino acids are folded, tertiary structure is the arrangement of different parts, and quaternary structure is how multiple protein subunits are assembled

  
• Different types of connective tissue: loose connective tissue, dense connective tissue, and cartilage

  
• Epithelial Tissues:

  • Simple Cuboidal Epithelium: single layer of cubelike cells for secretion and absorption, found in kidney tubules, ducts, and small glands
  • Simple Columnar Epithelium: single layer of tall cells for absorption and secretion, found in the digestive tract and gallbladder
  • Stratified Squamous Epithelium: thick membrane for protection in areas subjected to abrasion, found in the esophagus, mouth, and skin
  • Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium: multilayered cuboidal cells for secretion, found in sweat glands and ducts
  • Stratified Columnar Epithelium: multilayered columnar cells for secretion and protection, found in the male urethra
  • Pseudo-Stratified Columnar Epithelium: single cell layered with varying nuclei depth for mucus secretion, found in the trachea
  • Transitional Epithelium: surface layer of dome-like cells that change shape with stretch, found in the bladder and urinary passages
• Muscle Tissue:

  • Skeletal Muscle: cylindrical, multi-nucleated, striated, voluntary control, fastest speed, main function is body movements, located attached to bones
  • Cardiac Muscle: cylindrical, single nucleus, somewhat striated, involuntary control, intermediate speed, located in the heart walls, main function is pumping blood
  • Smooth Muscle: spindle-shaped, single nucleus, non-striated, involuntary control, slowest speed, located in circulatory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive tracts, main function is moving substances along tubes
• Nervous Tissues:

  • Neuron: cell body, axon, and dendrite fibers, located in the CNS, conducts and processes nerve impulses
  • Neuroglia: different types of cells that assist, protect, and nourish neurons, located where neurons are present, undergo mitosis when damaged
• Buffers are substances that resist drastic changes in pH
• Acids acts as proton or H+ ion donors - Makes pH lower
• Clinical Significance of Electrolytes 1. ECG – electro-cardio-gram (<3) 2. EEG – electro-encephalo-gram (brain)