cell energy

• what is metabolic rate?

  it is how fast your body burns energy to keep you going
• what does the speed of your metabolic rate depend on?

  factors such as age, gender, body composition, and physical activity level
• since cells need energy to survive, where do they get the energy from?

  the living or nonliving components of their environment
• why do organisms use energy?

  to make the stuff the cells need to grow, reproduce, and protect themselves
• what is energy?

  the capacity of any object to do work
• what is work?

  the ability to make things happen or cause change in a defined system
• what is potential energy?

  stored energy in any system because of where it is located
• what is kinetic energy?

  the energy something has because it is in motion
• what is chemical energy?

  stored energy in atoms based on where they are in relation to others
• is heat a form of kinetic energy?

  yes
• what are the 4 different types of kinetic energy?

  mechanical, electrical, light and heat energy
• what is heat energy?

  the energy in a portion of a particle that can move or flow around
• what is the first law of thermodynamics?

  energy can neither be created nor destroyed
• according to the law of conservation of energy, the total energy of any closed system is constant. however...

  energy can be converted from one form to another
• what does the second law of thermodynamics state?

  the natural tendency of the universe is to become less organized over time
• producers (autotrophs) obtain energy from the living or nonliving environment?

  nonliving environment
• what is the primary source in most ecosystems that producers obtain energy from in the nonliving environment?

  the sun
• what are examples of producers that include photosynthetic organisms?

  plants, algae, and certain bacteria
• what is photosynthesis?

  the process of plants turning the energy from the sun into food energy called sugars
• what do photosynthetic organisms use to produce chemical energy (sugars) and molecular oxygen (gas)?

  sunlight (energy) , carbon dioxide, and water
• how do consumers (heterotrophs) obtain energy?

  by consuming other organisms
• what is cellular respiration?

  the process of cells breaking down food molecules with O2 + sugars to release a form of energy that the cells use which makes CO2, H2O, and energy
• what is catabolism?

  a chain of energy-producing reactions that release chemical energy to break down food to make energy
• what is anabolism?

  a chain of energy-requiring reactions that create complex molecules from smaller organic compounds
• what is basal metabolic rate (BMR)?

  the energy the body uses when resting calmy under specific conditions (temperature, no meals in last 12 hours)
• where is the energy found in ATP stored in?

  phosphate bonds
• what happens when a molecule of ATP loses its terminal phosphate group?

  it becomes ADP
• what is a terminal phosphate group?

  the last part of a molecule that holds energy
• what turns ADP back into ATP?

  cellular respiration, it uses the energy stored in food molecules to turn it back
• what is oxidation?


  the loss of a molecule, atom, or ion
• what is reduction?


  the gain of electrons by a molecule, atom, or ion
• oxidation and reduction are what?

  complementary reactions
• what are substrates?

  they fit into enzymes based on their size, shape and chemistry
• what do substrates and enzymes do?

  they fit together like puzzle peices
• what can mess up an enzymes shape?

  extreme heat or pH changes
• what are reasons metabolic pathways can proceed rapidly?

  enzymes and reactants are close together
• how do enzymes help us?

  they help digest food