A term coined by Matza and Sykes to describe a number of ways in which delinquents sought to deny that they had done anything wrong by reframing their behaviour in ways that made it seem reasonable or legitimate
Representative or liberal democracies
Types of states in which the government is made up of people elected by citizens to represent them in a parliament and in which citizens, in principle, enjoy a wide range of rights and freedoms.
Control theory
A theory of delinquency developed by Hirschi that explains non-delinquency in therms of the existence of a bond between the individual and society based on four elements: attachment, commitment, involvement and belief.
Authoritarian regime
A type of state in which elections are absent or merely serve a cosmetic function (take place to make the regime appear to be democratic) and in which political power is concentrated in an authority not responsible to the people.
Totalitarian
A type of state in which every aspect of citizen's lives is monitored and regulated by the government and there is an absence of citizenship rights and freedoms,
Islamic fundamentalist
Individuals or groups who favour a literal interpretation of the Qur'an and who see their religious duty as the establishment of a caliphate (a territory ruled by a person seen as a successor to Muhammad)
Clientelism
A political or social system based on the relation of a client to a patron with the client giving political or financial support to a patron (e.g. in the form of votes) in exchange for some special privilege or benefits
Anti-Semitic
Characterised by hostility or prejudice against Jews
Anthropocentric
An outlook that places the concerns and interests of human beings above those of all other creatures
Biocentric
Concerned with the impact of green crime on non-human species
