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Cards (70)

  • Post-Treaty of Paris (1783) - Situation with Natives

    - U.S. has control of the entire Ohio River Valley and lands west of the Mississippi River --> increased conflicts with Native Americans over territory
    - Concern arises over trade + military aid between British Canada and Native Americans (ended by Jay's Treaty)
  • Handling Natives
    Two options: Assassinate or Assimilate (Knox)
  • Assimilation Attempts

    - Tried to convert Natives into Christian farmers (idea was widely rejected)
    - Native American gender roles differed from Americans (ex: women aren't seen as just a "helpmate")
  • Sham Treaties

    False treaties, not honored and often forced
    - Treaty of Fort Stanwix: forced Iroquois to give up land in Western NY and Western PA
    - Fort McIntosh & Fort Finney forced the tribes to give up land, leading to repudiation
    - Treaty of Fort Harmar fails
    - Western Confederacy is formed under Little Turtle
    - Natives rush American expeditionary forces, and Washington doubles the size of the army in fear of natives acquiring British support, Western Confederacy is defeated at the Battle of Fallen Timbers
    - Treaty of Greenville: most of Native land is ceded to the U.S. (Ohio)
  • Big Picture Idea: Natives are pushed westward as Americans expand
  • Native Response to American Expansionism
    Four options:
    1. Make land treatises
    2. Sell land
    3. Fight back (Western Confederacy)
    4. Attempt to assimilate
  • Westward Migration - Upper South
    White tenant farmers & struggling yeomen move from Maryland, Virginia, and North Carolina to Kentucky, Tennessee, Ohio, and Indiana
    • Left a planter-elite-dominated East (want their own land)
    • Much of the land was sold in large bundles to elite citizens
    • Many left landless
  • Westward Migration - Lower South

    Southern planters and slaves from South Carolina and Georgia move to Louisiana, Mississippi, and Alabama
    • Fueled by growth of cotton industry and the invention of the cotton gin (Eli Whitney)
    • "Cotton Belt"
    • Beginning of Industrial Rev.
    • Increases slavery --> would eventually become sharecroppers
    • Buy more slaves before the slave trade gets cut off (1808)
    • Allows MI + AL to enter the Union
  • Westward Migration - Northeast
    New Englanders (hailing from Massachusetts and Connecticut) move to Western New York
    • Others go to NH, VT, ME, Ohio, Indiana
    • Escaping tension with elite controlling most of the farmland
    • Speculators with connections end up taking the best land and leasing it to tenant farmers
    • New Englanders preferred to buy farms
    • Signed contracts with the Holland Land Company to pay for the land as they worked it
  • Westward Migration

    - Generally speaking, farming improves as groups move west
    - Occurs during the "Virginia Dynasty" (presidency of Jefferson, Madison, and Monroe)
  • Election of 1800

    - Tie between Jefferson and Burr, but House of Representatives chooses Jefferson (Hamilton argues against Burr)
    • Electors have one vote
    • Most votes --> president, runner up --> VP
    • People can TIE
    • 12th Amendment changes how the Vice President is elected, chooses President and VP separately to avoid ties
    • Realized things had to change (took several years to ratify)
    - Constitution: "States will choose how electors are chosen"
    • Many didn't choose based on popular (only Rhode Island and Virginia were based on popular vote)
  • Jefferson's Inaugural Address
    - Jefferson's projected attitude = grateful, humble, seeking guidance from legislature
    • Could be seen as genuine or as a politician (before Congress -- needs cooperation)
  • Themes of Jefferson's Inaugural Address?
    Unity/Bipartisanship
    • "We are all Republicans; we are all Federalists" --> we have the same principles regardless of political party
    • Good of nation > individual needs
    • Tolerance of speech (contrasts Federalist Alien & Sedition Acts) - countering ignorance with reason
    • Protecting minority in government (criticism of A&S)
    Industry & commerce
    Protecting powers of state governments
    • State governments protect our republic
    • Limited/Hands-off; "wise and frugal government" (laissez-faire) = protecting freedoms
    Strict Interpretation of Constitution
  • Jefferson's Values: Isolationism, Exceptionalism (stemming from the Enlightenment/separation from Europe as well as favoring a meritocracy over an aristocracy)
  • Changes to Federalist Policies
    Reversed Federalist Policies
    • Allowed Alien and Sedition Acts to expire, amended the Naturalization Act (14 back to 5)
    • Abolished internal taxes
    • Reduced size of government and military
    Albert Gallatin: fiscal conservative who lowered amount of spent money and paid back bonds with revenue --> halves national debt
    Westward Expansion
    • Lowered price of land
    • Strategic purchase of land
    • Native Americans: those in debt paid with land, and they were used as farmers
    • "Filibustering" = taking land in an unauthorized manner
    Judiciary Act (1801) is removed (Adams)
  • Continued Federalist Policies (Jefferson)
    - Tolerated National Bank
    • Previously opposed it but found it practical
    - Adaptation to a loose interpretation (Louisiana Purchase)
    - Keeps Federalists working in government
  • Louisiana Purchase
    - Spain had a deal with France to give up New Orleans and the Louisiana Territory because they feared Napoleon trying to expand his empire
    • U.S. needs port to get people to move west
    • Jefferson sends negotiators to purchase New Orleans and gets Louisiana for $15 million total
    • Napoleon focused on war with Europe and lost control of Haiti
    • Louisiana was originally just to provide food for Haiti --> became unnecessary
    • The money was worth more than holding onto the land
  • Louisiana Purchase: Pros
    - Doubles the size of the U.S.
    - Gives us permanent access to MI River and New Orleans --> economic growth + westward expansion
    - Popular nationwide, helps Jefferson easily win Election of 1804
    - Gives us a buffer to the West (isolationism)
  • Louisiana Purchase: Cons
    - Jefferson has to take on a loose interpretation to purchase land
    • Avoids mentioning it, goes against his political philosophy
    - Controversy over land distribution
    - Adds to national debt
    - Slavery booms and northern states fear an unbalance between North and South
    • Fears of workers moving from factory-based to agrarian economies arises
    - More conflict with Natives
  • Jefferson's Defense of Hypocrisy
    - Opportunism (best for the nation)
    - Spreading exceptional values
    - Benefits the states
    - Treaty -- makes it ok
  • Barbary Pirates

    - 1783-1800 (Articles + first 2 presidents): Strategy is to pay tribute and ransoms (cheaper than fighting)
    - Jefferson thinks paying tribute and ransoms will lead to greater demands
    • Refused to give into the ransom and declares war
    • Jefferson increases size of navy (inconsistency) and sends navy to attack Barbary States
    Success: Ended when U.S. threatened to capture Tripoly
    • Ransom payments end in 1815 under Madison's administration
  • Jefferson's Foreign Policy
    - Contradicts his strict interpretation
    - Opportunistic
    - Practical
  • Famous Judicial Review Cases
    - 1794: tax on carriages is constitutional
    - 1803: Marbury v. Madison
    - First time South Carolina declares law unconstitutional
    - 1857: Dred Scott
    - Missouri Compromise is unconstitutional
    - 1896: Plessy v. Ferguson
    - Upholds constitutionality of segregation laws ("separate and equal")
    - 1954: Brown v. BoE
    - Laws segregating schools are unconstitutional (overturns Plessy v. Ferg)
    - 1973: Roe v. Wade
    - Laws prohibiting abortions are unconstitutional (was overturned)
    - 2012: SC decides most of national healthcare (Obamacare) is constitutional
  • Judicial Review
    - 1803: Judicial Review = Ability of the Supreme Court to review legislation + executive orders and decide on its constitutionality
    - Significance: majority of Marbury v. Madison = Judicial Review
    - Precedent:
    - Discussed at Constitutional Convention (but wasn't in the document - implied)
    - Constitution: S.C. has judicial powers to hear certain cases but doesn't explicitly outline JR
    - Federalist Papers #78: "courts designed to keep the legislative branch within the limits assigned to their authority"
    - Case must be appealed to the SC via lower courts (plaintiff)
  • Marbury v. Madison: Background
    - Court packing scheme (midnight judges): John Adams appoints new federal judges, including John Marshall, to the Supreme Court at the last minute
    - Adams had already lost --> just wants to maintain Federalist influence in court system
    - Commissions (documents informing judges of new appointments) were delayed
    - Jefferson tells Madison (sec. of State) not to deliver commissions
    - Marbury sues b/c he doesn't get commission
    - Judiciary Act of 1789: SC has the power to give a write of mandamus (command federal officials to deliver appts)
    - Takes to SC
  • Marbury v. Madison

    - Marshall has difficult decision
    - If Jefferson refuses to deliver, Supreme Court looks weak
    - If he does nothing, he'll still look weak
    - Final Decision:
    - Marbury has the right to a position
    - Judiciary Act of 1789 says that SC has the right to force Jefferson to deliver
    - BUT the Judiciary Act is unconstitutional
    - Art. 3 Section II Clause 2: Original vs. Appellate Jurisdiction (Marbury wasn't supposed to go directly to the Supreme Court -- had to appeal to lower court first)
  • Marbury v. Madison: Significance

    - First time the Supreme Court declares a federal law to be unconstitutional
    - Established Judicial Review
    - Jefferson's Revenge: Samuel Chase incident
    - Tries to get Chase impeached from Supreme Court but fails
  • Burr Conspiracy
    - Aaron Burr tries to divide the Western U.S. from the rest of the nation
    - Last hope -- knows his career in the East is over
    - Failed --> co-conspirator (Wilkinson, a double agent for the Spanish) turned him in
    - Burr charged for treason
    - J. Marshall --> "strict interpretation", Burr acquitted of treason
    - 2 witnesses or confession in court
    - Levying war against U.S.
    - Shows Burr's lack of ethics + desire for power
    - Shows lack of unity in the U.S.
    - So much that Burr + U.S. general think they can split the country in two and have European support
  • Louis & Clark Expedition

    - Jefferson assigns Louis and Clark to explore the Louisiana territory to discover natives and nature
    - Gives delusions of grandeur --> implies that the U.S. will someday own the entire continent
  • Commercial Warfare

    Strategy in which a nation "attacks" another nation by enforcing sanctions or restrictions designed to hurt their opponent's economy
  • Battle of Trafalgar
    Horatio Nelson and British navy succeed in a battle against the French and Spanish Navy --> Britain takes control of the seas
  • Battle of Austerlitz
    Napoleon & French army beat Austria + Russia --> rule the European continent
  • Pre-War of 1812: Anglo-American Relations

    - GB + France go to war
    - Boosts American economy, shipbuilding and trade increase ("neutral carrier")
    - U.S. grows irritated with British
    - Continued impressment + attacks on U.S. ships
    - 1807: British warships attack the Chesapeake (U.S. naval ship), American anger boils over -- seen as attack on autonomy
    - Leads to Embargo Act of 1807
  • Embargo Act of 1807

    - Prevented U.S. ships from trading
    - Intended to hurt British and French economy more than our own
    - Reality: destroyed our economy -- lowered imports/exports, raised unemployment, and hurting GDP
    - Public anger
    - Despite its failure, Jefferson continues to enforce it until the end of his term (stubborn arrogance)
    - Inconsistency: not laissez-faire, had to increase size of govt to enforce
    - Martial law in Lake Champlain to combat smuggling with British Canada - customs officials didn't need warrants
    - "For the good of the nation" but contradicts his beliefs
  • Continued Embargos (part 1)
    1809: Embargo Act is removed at the end of Jefferson's Administration
    - Replaced by Non-Intercourse Act (allowed trade w/ all countries except GB + France)
  • Continued Embargos (part 2)
    1810: Macon's Bill No. 2 reopened trade with France and GB
    - If either violated U.S. rights as neutral carrier, U.S. embargos other nation
    - Letting France + GB pull strings, Napoleon rescinds restrictions on U.S. trade (still seizes US ships + cargo)
    - Baits U.S. into war, Madison takes the bait + embargos trade w/ GB
    - 19 months w/o supplies from U.S. --> GB undergoes food shortages and high unemployment rates
    - GB agrees to stop attacking US ships
    - Too late: Madison already declared war
  • Embargo Act of 1807: Reasons
    - Republican tradition
    - Belief that the American market was of higher value than during and immediately after the Revolutionary War (wrong)
  • War of 1812: Causes
    - British attacks on US ships + impressment of US citizens
    - Violates rights as neutral nation
    - Attack US naval ship
    - Assist natives in West
    - "War hawks" (Clay, Calhoun) emphasize
    - British assist Tecumseh & Western Confederacy --> resist US expansion, push Madison to war
    - Battle of Tippecanoe = W. H. Harrison defeats Shawnee Indians, destroys Prophetstown & inflicts heavy casualties
    - War hawks want Canada
  • Vote for War

    - Divisive
    - House: 79-49
    - Senate: 19-13
    - Pro-war: Democratic Republicans
    - Anti-war: Federalists (part of reason why the Federalist Party disappears)
    - One would hope to be more unified before going to war
  • Pro-War Arguments
    - GB is assisting Natives in fighting us
    - Contest for life, liberty, property
    - Federalists are the real problem because they want to avoid fighting
    - Treasonous behavior
    - Maintaining trade with British Canada + GB
    - Hartford Convention