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• Text as Connected Discourse:

  • Text is generally considered as written material, a group of ideas put together to make a point or central idea, made up of sentences with grammatical cohesion
  • Discourse, originating from Latin "discursus," is a formal and often lengthy discussion of a topic where concepts and insights are organized logically, made up of utterances with coherence
• Coherence in discourse relates to the organization and connection of ideas, concerned with macro level features of a text like topic sentences and thesis statements
• Examples of discourse types include journal/diary, news articles, anecdotes, procedures, critiques, opinion pieces, and research articles
• Purpose of discourse: to inform, persuade, entertain, explore topics like picture, culture, social environment, and personal experiences
• Types of Discourse:

  • Argumentation: aims to persuade by presenting valid claims or counterclaims supported by evidence
  • Description: based on the author's impressions, triggers sensory images among readers
  • Exposition: aims to inform, clarify, and explain a phenomenon, provides in-depth discussion and instructions
  • Narration: storytelling, recalls events chronologically, may use first, second, or third person point of view
• Forms of Discourse:

  • Literary Discourse (P-E-T): focused on creative works, including nonfiction, serves to inform and shape how individuals see the world
  • Poetic: focuses on forming themes and conveying ideologies, commonly found in creative works
  • Expressive: personal narrative, typically in the first person point of view, reveals something about the writer's identity
  • Transactional: commonly found in instructional materials, advertisements, and editorial articles, directive in nature, encourages action or provides detailed information
• Academic Discourse (I-B-C):

  • Uses formal language and the third person point of view, maintains an objective tone, avoids figures of speech and idiomatic expressions
  • Examples include essays, journals, book reviews, synthesis, literature review, and research
• Reading Process:

  • Reading is the process of translating letters and symbols into meaningful information for understanding and use in everyday life
  • Involves a complex interaction between the text and the reader, a cognitive process of decoding symbols to derive meaning
  • Reading is a skill that can be improved through consistent practice
• Effective Reading Strategies (P-S-S-C):

  • Previewing: looking at visible parts before reading
  • Skimming: looking for the main point by reading titles, introductions, first sentences, headings, sub-headings, and summaries
  • Scanning: looking for specific details by focusing on boldfaced, italicized, or underlined words, nouns, and verbs
  • Close Reading: reading word by word
• Spider Map (Semantic Map) is used to investigate and enumerate various aspects of a central idea, placing the main idea at the center and detailing it along a diagonal line with specifics on the sides
• Problem-Solution Map displays the nature of a problem, its causes and effects, and logical solutions
• Pattern of Development is a technique used by writers to logically arrange ideas
• Transitional Devices help differentiate between different patterns of development
• Description pattern illustrates the appearance and characteristics of a specific object, person, or location using sensory images, symbolism, and figures of speech
• Definition pattern explains not just what something means but also what it does, what it is used for, and what it looks like
• Chronology organizes ideas or events according to the time they happened, with narration describing how, when, and where an event occurred, and process arranging details based on steps or stages
• Classification and Divisions pattern organizes ideas into divisions, classes, or categories using criteria or standards
• Exemplification provides concrete examples and illustrations to clarify or explain the concept or main idea of the text
• Comparison and Contrast organizes ideas by citing similarities and differences of people, things, and events being discussed
• Cause and Effect pattern explains why something happens and the results produced by a particular event or phenomenon
• Problem-Solution pattern focuses on discussing either a problem or a solution to a particular situation
• Persuasion pattern persuades readers to agree to an argument or claim about a particular issue through presenting evidence leading to a reasonable conclusion
• Properties of a well-written text include organization, coherence, cohesion, language use, and mechanics
• Context Clues help understand the meaning of unfamiliar words through definitions, restatements, contrasts, comparisons, examples, lists, series, cause and effect, and descriptions or inferences
• Word Structure includes root words, prefixes, suffixes, denotation, and connotation
• Identifying Fact, Opinion, and Incorrect Information: Fact is objective, opinion is subjective, and incorrect information is the opposite of a fact
• Non-Academic Texts are personal, emotional, or subjective in nature, while Academic Texts are critical, objective, and specialized texts written by experts or professionals in a given field using formal language
• Organization is said that ideas are well-developed and organized.
• Coherence means that the sentences are arranged in a logical manner, it deals with arrangement
• Cohesion deals with the connection of ideas at sentence level. The property of unity
• Chronological order the details are arranged in the order which they happened.
• Spatial arrangement according to geographical location
• Emphatic arrangement based on the writer's perspective
• Transitions- words that connect one idea to another
• Repetitions- repeating something until you emphasize the certain idea
• Synonym are words similar in meaning
• Mechanics- set of conventions of how to spell, abbreviate, punctuate, and capitalize.
• Definition- the unknown word is equated to a more familiar word or phrase
• Contrast- the unfamiliar word is shown to be different from or unlike the other word
• Comparison- the unfamiliar word is shown to be the same as or like another word; too, like, as