Biomed Unit 2 (.4 and .5)

• Erythrocyte (red blood cell)


  Hemoglobin-rich, red blood cells that transport oxygen through the body. Erythrocytes give the red color to vertebrate blood and do not have nuclei.
• Leukocyte (white blood cell)


  One of the many cells in the blood that lack hemoglobin but have a nucleus and are active in the immune response. Lymphocytes, monocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils are leucocytes.
• Thrombocyte (platelet)


  A minute, colorless, anucleate disk-like body of mammalian blood that assists in blood clotting by adhering to other platelets and damaged epithelium.
• Blood Plasma


  The pale yellow, liquid portion of blood consists of water and dissolved substances, including sugars, lipids, metabolic waste products, amino acids, hormones, and vitamins.
• Phlebotomy


  The process of making a puncture in a vein with a needle to extract this blood is
• Hematologist  


  a doctor who specializes in the research, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of blood disorders. Hematologists may work in hospitals, labs, clinics, or blood banks.
• Hemoglobin


  The oxygen-carrying protein in red blood cells.
• Blood born pathogen

  Human blood can carry infectious agents
• Why don't red blood cells have a nucleus?

  Erythrocytes or red blood cells (RBCs) do not have any nucleus or mitochondria. The inability of the RBCs to contain a nucleus enables them to have more oxygen-containing hemoglobin, thus more oxygen to be delivered to the body.
• Which vein is blood drawn from?

  median cubital
• What region is blood drawn from?

  antecubital
• What is CBC?

  A complete blood count (CBC) is a blood test that is run as part of a routine exam or if there are signs or symptoms that may indicate a potential condition impacting blood cells
• 1. White blood cells (WBC):The five types of cells that the body uses to fight infection and injury and maintain our health. 
  2. Red blood cells (RBC):The cells that transport oxygen around the body.  
  3. 3. Hemoglobin (HB/Hgb): The oxygen-carrying protein in red blood cells. 4. Hematocrit (HCT): The proportion of red blood cells in the blood. 5. Platelets:The cell fragments that assist with clotting
• Anemia is a condition that occurs when the amount of hemoglobin in a person's blood drops below the normal range. 
• Leukemia is a type of cancer caused by the production of abnormal white blood cells.


  Doctors may see an abnormal number of white blood cells on the CBC results. Abnormally low platelet or red blood cell counts can also indicate leukemia. 
• Sickle cell anemia: rbc are sickle-shaped AND can't carry oxygen
• What is tested in a lipid panel?


  It measures the amount of cholesterol and other fats in your blood.
• cholesterol


  A lipid that is an essential component of animal cell membranes and acts as a precursor molecule for the synthesis of other biologically important steroids.
• LDL (low-density lipoprotein)


  The “bad” cholesterol that can build up in the arteries and help form plaques, which can cause coronary artery disease.
• HDL (high-density lipoprotein)


  The “good” cholesterol that helps remove the less beneficial forms of cholesterol from blood.
• LDL


  Type of lipoprotein responsible for transporting cholesterol to the cells.
• HDL


  Type of lipoprotein responsible for removing excess cholesterol from the blood stream and transporting it to the liver.
• Foods high in saturated fats, fats that are typically solid at room temperature, can cause an increase in LDL cholesterol.

  Eating foods containing healthier unsaturated fats help the cholesterol balance by decreasing LDL and increasing HDL.
• Too much cholesterol in the blood, particularly LDL, can cause a build-up of plaque, a fatty substance that builds up inside the arteries. HDL helps get rid of the excess LDL that can cause blockages. Therefore, a balance of LDL and HDL keeps circulating lipids from becoming trapped inside our blood vessels.
• What do you think happens to blood pressure when plaque builds up on the artery walls?

  As plaque builds up on the walls of an artery, the lumen, the opening in the vessel, narrows. Blood pushing through this narrow opening has to do so with increased pressure, leading to higher blood pressure readings.
• Metabolism

  The chemical reaction processes of breaking down molecules for energy and of using simple building blocks to build up more complex molecules needed for growth and repair. 
• Hormone


  A signaling molecule produced by glands. A hormone induces a specific effect on the activity of cells.
• After results are in (medical examination):

  If needed, you might need to write referrals to other medical professionals. Referrals are a written order from a primary care doctor for a patient to see a specialist or to get a particular medical service, such as physical therapy after an injury.
• BMP 


  Basic Metabolic Panel
• BMP: This blood test gives information about your body's metabolism, or how your body uses food for energy


  Glucose, electrolytes, blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine.
• Biomolecule:


  A large molecule, or macromolecule, produced by living organisms. Examples include:  nucleic acids (DNA and RNA), carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids.
• Nucleic acid is not part of an energy source
• Order of the biomolecules used for energy: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins
• Carbohydrate:

  A compound, such as sugar, starch and cellulose, found in foods and living tissues that can be broken down and used for energy.
• adenosine tri-phosphate (ATP)


  A compound composed of adenosine and three phosphate groups that supplies energy for many biochemical cellular processes.
• Cellular respiration occurs in the mitochondria of our cells. You have thousands of mitochondria in each cell
• hormone:

  A signaling molecule produced by glands. A hormone induces a specific effect on the activity of cells.
• Insulin:

  A protein hormone secreted by the pancreas; essential for the metabolism of carbohydrates and the regulation of glucose levels in the blood.
• High blood glucose level is known as hyperglycemia
• Homeostasis:

  The maintenance of stable internal physiological conditions (like body temperature or the pH of blood), which enables the optimal functioning of an organism.