Buildtech exam

• AASHTO means American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.
• ANSI means American National Standards Institute, which is a private, non-profit organization that sets standards for the electrical, electronic, and communications industries.
• ASTM: American Society for Testing and Materials.
• DPWH means Department of Public Works and Highways.
• USCS means United Soil Classification System, a system of classification of soils based on their texture and structure.
• ASHTO define particle sizes as:

  Boulders - above 75mm

  Gravel - 75mm to No. 10 sieve

  Coarse Sand - No. 10 to No. 40 sieve

  Fine sand - No. 40 to No. 200 sieve

  Slit Clay Particles - passing No. 200 sieve
• Atterberg Limits are test performed on soils passing the No. 40 sieve
• Liquid Limit (LL) is the lowest concentration of a solute that can be dissolved in a solvent
• PLASTIC LIMIT (PL)-the water content at which a silt or clay material will just begin to crumble when rolled into a thread approx 3.2mm (1/8 inch) in diameter.
• Plasticity Index (PI) -is defined as the Liquid Limit minus the Plastic Limit :

  LL–PL=PI ,thatistherangeofwater content over which sediment behaves.
• Fill materials - soil, crushed stone, and sand used to raise an existing grade, or as a man-made-deposit; generally used under footings, pavers, or concrete slabs on grade; classified under the Unified Soil Classification System (USCS)
• Granular Fill or Filters – soil materials with sand equivalent of not less than 50%; used to prevent the movement of fine particles out of soils and other natural materials through which seepage occurs; conforming to ASTM C 33, size 67.
• Borrow Fill - selected laboratory-approved pit-run gravel, disintegrated granite, sand, shale, cinders or other similar materials with not more than 35% fraction passing the No. 200 sieve.
• Base Course Materials - hard durable fragments of stone and a filler of sand or other finely divided mineral matter, free from vegetable matter and lumps of clay, complying with the following AASHTO METHODS T-11 and T-26 Grading Requirements
• Local Borrow Fill materials:

  BANDA Y BANDA

  ESCOMBRO P5,000 per 15 16 cum ESCOMBRO – BULIK (for Riprap)
• RIPRAP(ROCKLINING)

  a constructed layer or facing of stone, placed to prevent erosion, scour or sloughing of a structure or embankment.

  • term"riprap"alsoisfrequentlydefinedasthestoneusedto construct such a lining.
• GABIONSYSTEM

  Wire-enclosedriprap

  • consistsofmatsorbasketsfabricatedfromwiremesh,filled with small riprap, and anchored to a slope.
• Wrapping the riprap enables use of smaller rocks for the same resistance to displacement by water energy as larger unwrapped riprap.
• GABIONSYSTEM

  • According to FHA guidance, the thickness of wire mattresses used for channel linings is determined by three factors:

   the erodibility of the bank soil

   the maximum velocity of the water, and  the bank slope.
• GEOSYNTHETICS

  Construction materials consisting of synthetic components made for use with or within earth materials generally are referred to as geosynthetics. Geosynthetics can be further categorized into the following components:

  • Geotextiles

  • Geomembranes • Geocomposites • Geonets and

  • Geocells
• Geotextiles are the most common geosynthetics, and consist of woven or nonwoven fabric made from polymeric materials such as polyester or polypropylene generally used for reinforcement, separation, filtration, and in-plane drainage.
• Reinforcement

  when the geotextile fabric lends its strength to low load- bearing soil to increase the overall design strength and decrease the amount of sub-base and base course material.
• Separation

  when the geotextile is placed between dissimilar materials to prevent migration of one of the materials into the other.
• Filtration

  when the geotextile is used to prevent the movement of fine particles from soil through which seepage occurs
• Filtration has three separate categories:

  Subsurface

  those employed in sub-surface

  drainage applications, such as filters around under-drains or

  edge drains, or under paving.
• Erosion Control

  those employed to protect cut slopes or drainage

  features. When used in conjunction with a stone lining or riprap, they would serve a secondary function of separation
• Sediment Control

  are exclusively those used for silt fence applications.

  While they serve the purpose of "filtering" runoff, the mechanism by which they function is different than subsurface drainage or erosion control applications.
• In-Plane Drainage

  particular thick-needled nonwoven geotextiles having sufficient in-plane flow capacity for use as flow conduits in drainage applications.
• Geomembranes are continuous polymeric sheets that are impermeable. The most frequently used for ground applications are:

   thermoplastic products manufactured from high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and polyvinyl chloride (PVC).

   thermoset polymer Ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) frequently used for membrane roofing applications.
• Different types of geomembranes have significantly different properties including :

   Strength

   Longevity

   resistance to ultraviolet light

   thermal expansion and contraction  chemical resistance, and

   ease of installation
• Geomembranes should not to be subjected to tensile stresses and should be treated gently during installation and subsequent use.
• Geocomposites

  consist of a combination of geosynthetic components; are

  usually sheet or edge drains consisting of a prefabricated core to which a geotextile filter is bonded.
• The core provides void space to which water can flow in- plane while the geotextile filter keeps soil from filling the voids created by the core.

  Geocomposite sheet drains are available that allow flow in from one or both faces.
• Geonet

  is a type of geosynthetic that consists of a continuous

  extrusion of polymeric ribs that form void space through which provide in-plane flow capacity.
• Geocells

  are three-dimensional prefabricated polymeric systems

  ranging from 100 to 200 mm (4 to 8 inches) high. The geocell systems are collapsed for delivery to the site. Upon arrival at a site, they are spread open and filled to form a three-dimensional reinforced mattress.
• SLOPE-EROSION PROTECTION MATERIALS

  These include materials used for both temporary and permanent erosion protection.

  Temporary materials consist of open mesh polymeric systems, biodegradable mesh system (e.g., coir jute), or a combination of polymeric and biodegradable mesh.
• TERMITE PROOFING – there are three types:

  1. Physical barriers

  b. Chemical barriers

  c. Colony Elimination (Bait) System
• Physical barriers: prevent termites from accessing the wood in a home. There are a variety of methods:

  Termite Resistant Sand - a layer of sand with uniform size particles. The sand must be large enough to prevent the termite from moving through it effectively and of a consistency that prevents its use in "tunnel" construction. Sometimes used around the foundation of a home during construction.
• Termite Mesh - steel mesh product that is fine enough to keep even tiny termites from passing through it. Termite Mesh is used in slab construction (concrete slabs are poured over or with the mesh). It is also used to wrap pipes and other access areas.
• Home Construction - in particularly high-risk termite environments, homes are sometimes designed on high concrete pillars to physically separate the home from the distance termites can travel from their colony.