Fungi are eukaryotes with chitin cell walls that reproduce by spores, they are heterotrophs releasing digestive enzymes on their food and absorbing digested nutrients
Yeast are unicellular, while most fungi are multicellular with long filaments called hyphae and a fruiting body
Hyphae are arranged in a branching network called a mycelium, fungi expand their hyphae on food secreting digestive enzymes, absorb digested nutrients, and allow nutrients and organelles to move between cells
Fungi nutrition types:
Parasitic: absorb nutrients from living cells of a host organism
Predatory: trap prey with specialized structures
Mutualistic: form partnerships with other organisms
Saprobial: decomposers that absorb nutrients from dead organic matter
Fungi reproduce asexually by fragmentation and budding, and sexually and asexually by spores through the fruiting body
Lichens are a composite organism depending on a symbiotic relationship between fungi and green algae or cyanobacterium
In lichens, fungi anchor the green algae and provide water and carbon dioxide, while green algae provide fungi with sugars from photosynthesis
Lichens are crucial in soil formation as they can establish themselves on rocks and barren soils
fungi labelling:
A) fruiting body
B) mycelium
C) hyphae
fungi labelling:
A) mycelium
B) hyphae
Some fungi reproduce asexually by producing vast numbers of haploid spores in specialized structures called sporangia
Lightweight spores are surrounded by a protective coating and can be easily dispersed through air or water
When spores land in a suitable environment, they germinate and form a new fungus
fungi life cycle:
A) germination
B) mitosis
C) spores
Phylum of plant-like protists
Chrysophyta
Pyrrophyta
Euglenozoa
Phylum Euglenozoa
Euglenoids: have eyespot to help them find light, have chloroplasts for photosynthesis, have single flagella to move towards light/prey, can be both autotrophic and heterotrophic
Autotrophic protists
Photosynthetic
Plant-like protists
Contain chlorophyll (perform photosynthesis), simpler than plants – no roots, stems, leaves, or flowers and most are unicellular – some can form simple multicellular clusters
Types of protists
Autotrophic
Heterotrophic
Both
Phylum Pyrrophyta
Dinoflagellates: have 2 flagella, twirl through water, part of reef building corals, may have red photosynthetic pigments (red tide) which produces a neurotoxin
Heterotrophic protists
Predators/parasites
Protist
Microscopic and unicellular. They are eukaryotes are found in moist environments and normally reproduce through mitosis
Phylum Chrysophyta
Diatoms and Phytoplankton: have rigid cell walls, reproduce asexually (mitosis) and sexually, free floating in oceans
identify the protist
A) phylum chrysophyta
identify protist:
A) phylum pyrrophyta
identify protist:
A) flagella
B) eyespot
C) phylum euglenozoa
Phylum Zoomastigina
Flagellates: Called flagellates relatively long whip-like structures (flagella) on the surface of cells that beat to produce movement
Animal-like protists
Phylum Ciliophora
Phylum Zoomastigina
Phylum Cercozoa
Phylum Sporozoa
Animal-like protists
Heterotrophs, reproduce by Binary Fission, classified by their locomotion
Phylum Ciliophora
Ciliates: Have many Cilia - tiny hair-like protein structures on the cell surface that beat to produce movement and to sweep food into oral grooves
example of phylum sporozoa
Plasmodium
Phylum Sporozoa
Are parasites – take nutrients from their host, many do not move on their own but are transported by host body fluids
Plasmodium causes malaria and is transmitted by female mosquito bites
Phylum Cercozoa
Amoeba
Phylum Cercozoa
Amoeba: Change shape constantly, move using pseudopodia or ‘false feet’, used for movement & feeding
identify protist:
A) cilia
B) contractile vacuole
C) phylum ciliophora
identify protist:
A) phylum zoomastigina
B) Flagellum
identify protist:
A) phylum cercozoa
B) pseudopod
C) engulfed
identify protist:
A) plasmodium
B) phylum sporozoa
Fungus-like protists
Heterotrophic – absorb nutrients from other organisms, living (parasite), dead (decomposer), produce spores