CO2

• Article IV (Citizenship) Section 1 of the 1987 Philippine Constitution defines bonafide members of the Philippine society as:

  • Citizens at the time of the adoption of the constitution
  • Those born before Jan 17, 1973, of Filipino mothers, who elect Philippine Citizenship upon reaching the age of majority
  • Individuals naturalized in accordance with the law
• Enculturation is the process of learning the norms and values of one's own culture through unconscious repetition
• Acculturation is the process of learning the aspects of a culture other than one's own for survival
• Ascribed social position is received at birth or taken on involuntarily, while achieved social position is taken on voluntarily and reflects personal identity and effort
• Social roles are responsibilities attached to the status of an individual, while a role set refers to the number of roles attached to a single status
• Role strain is the stress an individual faces when failing to meet the expectations of a specific social role
• Agents of socialization include:

  • Family: primary socializer, most influential group in an individual's life, first society
  • Peer Group: absorbs a portion of the family's influence, takes over some roles of the family, new source of approved social behavior
  • Church/Religion: major influence on individual's notion of morality and ethics
  • School: serves as a formal agent, where potentials and abilities are developed
  • Workplace: serves as the school of life/reality
  • Mass Media: enables individuals to transcend communication limits and interact globally
• Nature refers to biological heredity and genetic predispositions, while nurture refers to environmental factors influencing an individual's development
• Identity formation is the process of an individual's distinct personality development, considered as a persisting entity in a particular stage of life
• Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory includes the concepts of:

  • Id: seeking pleasure without regard to anything else
  • Ego: seeking pleasure and avoiding pain while accepting reality
  • Superego: incorporating the values and morals of society
• Charles Cooley's Looking Glass self-theory is based on how individuals imagine they appear to others, involving elements like imagination of appearance, judgement, and self-feeling
• George Mead's theory on the development of the self includes 3 stages:

  • Preparatory Stage: no ability to imagine how others see things
  • Play Stage: imitating roles of others
  • Game Stage: complete understanding of roles of other individuals
• Conformity is observance and obedience to standards, while deviance is violation and disobedience to standards
• Robert K. Merton's Social Strain Theory is based on a person's motivations or adherence to cultural goals and beliefs on how to attain those goals
• Eliminating social deviances involves social control at 2 levels:

  • Internal Control: conscience and self-discipline
  • External Control: regulations
  • Planned - organized (ex:laws)
  • Unplanned - persuasive (ex: gossip & social ostracism)
• Human rights emphasize human dignity, universal recognition of rights, and equal treatment for all individuals regardless of background
• Classification of rights includes:

  • Natural Rights
  • Constitutional Rights
  • Political Rights
  • Civil Rights
  • Social, Economic, and Cultural Rights
  • Rights of the Accused
  • Statutory Rights