Human Evolution: Anatomical Changes

• Human Evolution - the evolutionary process that began from the evolutionary history of primates of genus Homo and eventually to the emergence of anatomically modern humans.
• Bipedalism is the basic adaptation of the hominid.
• Bipedalism - It is considered to be the main cause of skeletal changes.
• Knuckle Walking - A type of quadrupedalism using the knuckles for support, common in chimpanzees.
• Pan troglodytes - Scientific name for modern chimpanzees.
• Spine in Quadrupedalism - Positioned horizontally to support four-legged movement.
• Homo sapiens - Scientific name for modern humans.
• Spine in Bipedalism - S-shaped and vertical to support upright posture.
• Pelvis in Bipedalism - Bowl-shaped to support internal organs and upright walking.
• Temporal lobes – Contain centers for language processing, and have increased in size during human evolution.
• Prefrontal cortex – Related to complex decision-making and moderating social behavior, and has also increased in size.
• Hidden Estrus – is concealed ovulation in female humans, meaning they are fertile year-round, contributing to continuous reproductive availability and social bonding.
• Ulnar Opposition – is the contact between the thumb and the tip of the little finger of the same hand; this trait, unique to the genus Homo, facilitates precision and power grip of the human hand.
• Ulnar Opposition – is the contact between the thumb and the tip of the little finger of the same hand; this trait, unique to the genus Homo, facilitates precision and power grip of the human hand.