Era 5 history

• Diseases like smallpox, malaria, measles, mumps, flu, black  death were spread and resulted in the Great Dying
• Diseases killed 50-90% of all Indigenous people in the Americas
• Most animals came from Old World to New World (pig, cow, oxen/horse, chicken)
• People came to Americas for more food
• Tobacco travels from the old world to the new world, caused a lot of death
• Old World soil was great for growing New World crops
• • Some people were forced to relocate in the Trans Atlantic Slave Trade
• Renaissance Man


  exemplifies success and virtue because they are talented in many fields and can use their unique skill set for different situations
• SLavery dates back to earliest organized states, like Athenians, Romans, Assyrians, Africans
• Why did Great Dying lead to slavery?

  Plantation crops needed large number of laborers, population of indigenous people had greatly decline due to Great Dying
• Europeans imported a labor force by enslaving Africans + shipping them to the Americas
• Why African slaves?

  they were unfamiliar with the land, more resistant to European diseases, accustomed to labor in tropics, came from farming cultures
• factors like economics, religion, race, ethnic division were used to justify the enslavement
• steady number of slaves needed from Africa because life expectancy was low + infant mortality rate was high
• African warfare increased - victors make a profit by selling captives into slavery
• African elites were paid with a variety of manufacturing products like guns, cotton textiles, glass + food products
• credit


  agreement between a borrower + a lender that a loan will be repaid at some point in the future
• interest


  additional cost that borrower must repaid on top of initial loan value
• interest was banned by Catholic Church + other religious institutions
• Ethnic and minorities worked in loan business
• Modern banks emerged in Florence + Venice, and flourished because they were controlled by powerful families
• Joint-stock companies


  shared ownership of a company
• countries needed to fund colonial project because colonialism was expensive (funded by Joint-stock companies like British or Dutch East India)
• Columbian Exchange


  transfer of animals, plants, ideas, + diseases following Columbus's arrival in the Americas
• The Protestant Reformation was a religious movement in Europe during the 1500s that suggested changes to Catholic beliefs of the church.
• Why did Martin Luther protest the church?

  Martin Luther suggested that we are judged not by our Wealth, but by the way we act and dedicate ourselves to God. In the church, it was believed that wealth was the only way into Heaven
• Scientific Revolution


  a time during the mid-1500s in which scholars published works + created theories that challenged ancient beliefs of the church.
• Martin Luther's claim

  you would not be judged by God based on how much wealth you had, but rather by how you acted and embraced your faith
• Muslim societies in the Middle Ages would import slaves from Africa
• factors such as economics, religion, race, ethnic divison were used to justify slavery
• how does capitalism support free labor?

   It supports the idea that rather than people being controlled and forced into labor with no gain, that people should be able to labor for any price negotiated on, and the laborer can turn down the offer
• a nation's strength depends on its wealth as measured in silver + gold
• only a fixed amount of wealth existed in the world, nations had to compete for their share of the wealth
• favorable balance of trade is necessary to gain wealth
• countries should seek to limit imports + maximize exports
• a country should have its own source for raw materials + precious metals to avoid dependence on others.
• colonies exist only as a way for the mother country to make profit
• a country's colonies should not trade with any other countries