Grade 12 Biology-Unit 1:Biochemistry

• polarity is the separation of charge
• covalent bonds are when electrons are shared to form bonds
• non-polar substances can't dissolve in water because water is polar and like dissolves like
• polar covalent bond atoms with different electronegativities share electrons unequally
• energy must be put in when bonds form
• energy is released when bonds break exothermic
• intramolecular bonds bonds within molecules
• intermolecular bond bonds between molecules
• hydrogen bonds intermolecular bonds that results from hydrogen being covalently bonded to a very electronegative atom
• hydrogen bonding happens with nitrogen, oxygen and fluorine
• hydrogen bonds are an example of intermolecular forces strong type of dipole dipole
• dispersion forces are a type of intermolecular force
• dispersion forces are tempoary and not caused by charges
• dipole dipole forces are permanent and caused by charges
• electronegativity tendency of an atom to attract electrons
• organic chemistry involes compounds containing carbon
• compound 2 or more molecules Eg. water
• molecule 2 or more atoms connected by bonds
• isotope same number of protons, different number of neutrons
• Hydroxyl -OH
• Hydroxyl increases solubility in water
• sulfhydryl -SH
• Carbonyl O double bonded to C
• Carboxyl O double bonded to carbon OH single bonded to carbon
• carbonyl and hydroxyl make up a carboxyl functional group
• amino N bonded to R
• structural isomers same chemical formula but arranged different
• different structural isomer have different properties
• Glucose and fructose are examples of structural isomers
• monomer atoms or small molecules that bond to form more complex structure
• polymer many repeating monomers in a chain
• glycogen a storage method of glucose in the liver
• glycogen is a polymer of glucose
• protein is a polymer of amino acids
• DNA is a polymer of nucleotide
• Neutralization acid and base react to create a salt and water
• dehydration synthesis (condensation) water is removed to synthesize a larger cule
• dehydration synthesis is an annabolic reaction
• what kind of bond is formed during dehydration synthesis ether bond
• anabolic adding molecules together