the formation of gender identity

• verbal abuse

  • Paetcher - name calling helps shape gender identity to maintain male power - negative labels police gender identity
  • Connell calls this a ‘rich vocabulary of abuse’
• male peer groups 

  • macho lads - working class boys of Parnell school rejected academic effort and mocked people with middle class career aspirations
  • real englishmen - middle class boys, effortless achievers
  • shift in academic achievement - dominant masculine identity shifted from toughness (secondary) to intellect (college) reflecting difference in working class and middle class atmosphere
• teacher + discipline 

  • research suggests that teachers reinforce dominant definitions of gender identity
  • done by labelling, and holding different expectations, for boys and girls 
• the male gaze

  Mac and Ghaill

  • males view females as sexual objects, judging by appearance, which causes females to try live up to the standards of
  • girls wake up earlier to do their make up = tired and distracted by looks in lesson
• double standards

  • in sexual masculinity
  • boys gain status after sexual exploits meanwhile girls lose status, gaining negative labels like slag
  • patriarchal ideology - feminists argue double standards justify male power, devaluing women to maintain inequality
  • social control - verbal abuse, double standards, and school discipline women to keep them subordinate to men