population part 2

• demographic transition model

  stage 1: pre industrialised phase in late 1700s

  stage 2: industrialised revolution in early 1800s

  stage 3: expansion of manufacturing through 1960s

  stage 4: post industrialisation

  
  

  industrialisation has been accompanied by healthcare improvements, higher living standards, urbanisation and change in lifestyle

  --> therefore countries progress through three stages will experience move from high birth rate (BR) and death rates (DR) to low BR and DR

  
• replacement rate: rate of 2.1 is required for replacement of population without any change in numbers.

  total fertility rate: average number of births per thousand women of chld bearing age.
• region with low birth rate: mainly contributed to the falling fertility
• DEMOGRAPIC FACTOR

  low infant mortality

  --> no need for parents to compensate for expected death of children (link to KAAA)

  ageing population

  --> low fertility rate
• SOCIAL FACTORS

  high status of women

  --> equality between men and women

  --> high status, low fertility rate
• HIGHER EDUCATION LEVEL

  --> higher education level of the parents, lower fertility rate

  --> in region where education is accessible, women are given equal opportunities therefore fertility rate is low since they have more knowledge on birth control and family planning.

  --> employment opportunities and decision making rights
• DELAYED MARRIAGE

  --> women have equal rights to opportunities (education and employment)

  --> therefore fertility rate is low

  -->with longer time spent in school, women would delay getting married for their ambitions

  --> therefore women either choose not to have child or have fewer children

  --> some just have lesser child bearing years
• CONTRACEPTION (KAAA)

  --> lower fertility rates with better knowledge, affordability and availability of contraceptions

  --> women have greater decision making power back at home therefore contraceptive prevalence rate is higher
• RELIGION AND TRADITIONS

  --> in more developed countries, economics and other social factors usually overside religion reasons

  --> many nowadays do not follow beliefs
• TYPE OF RESIDENCE

  --> urban areas, lower fertility rate
• ECONOMIC FACTOR

  HIGHER COST OF LIVING

  --> in HIC, many people limit family size to improve the standard of living (SOL)

  --> children are regarded as economic burden

  --> higher cost of living

  --> loss of one parental income since one parent has to stay at home to look after the child
• REGION WITH LOW BIRTH RATES (LIC): mainly due to the high but slowly falling fertility rate. highest fertility rate are found in the poorest countries
• DEMOGRAPHIC FACTOR

  HIGH INFANT MORTALITY RATE

  --> very few children survive till adulthood. therefore parents have many children to compensate for deaths
• YOUTHFUL POPULATION

  --> high fertility rate
• SOCIAL FACTORS

  LOW STATUS OF WOMEN

  --> low status of women, high fertility rate
• LOW EDUCATION LEVEL

  --> education is inaccessible to women, so higher fertility rates because no knowledge of family planning

  --> little decision power means less decision on family planning

  --> infant mortality rate is also higher in societies where status of women is lower
• EARLY MARRIAGE

  --> women have low status in some regions therefore they can gain some respect through bearing children

  --> therefore early marriage leads to high fertility rates since they have longer childbearing years

  --> they will also have many children to provide make heirs to carry the family name
• CONTRACEPTION (KAAA)

  --> high fertility rates due to lower level of education, unaffordable and unavailability of contraceptions especially in conservative societies

  --. no decision making power for women therefore lower contraceptive prevalence rate
• RELIGION AND TRADITION

  --> in general, most religion are pro natalist

  --> catholics and muslins are opposed of birth controls

  --> polygamous societies so fertility rate is high
• TYPE OF RESIDENCE

  --> rural areas so high fertility rate due to

  --> more rigid society pressure for women

  --> greater freedom, less state control

  --> females have fewer education and employment opportunities
• ECONOMIC FACTORS

  HIGHER COST OF LIVING

  --> poorer or more agrarian societies, so children = economic assets

  --> the work they do and the support they give to parents at old age
• crude death rate: number of deaths per thousand people in the population

  infant mortality rate: number of deaths of children of less than one year old per thousand live births

  child mortality rate: number of deaths of children under age five per thousand chldren

  life expectancy: average number of years a person can be expected to live, usually from birth, if demographic factors remains unchanged
• FACTORS AFFECTING MORTALITY RATES (HIC)

  GENERAL

  --> lower mortality rate of 9%

  --> higher life expectancy of 75 and above

  --> characterised by degenerative diseases such as heart diseases and cancer (not infectious)

  --> others related to high life expectancy
• HEALTHCARE (KNOWLEDGE, ACCESSIBILITY, AVAILABILITY AND AFFORDABILITY)

  KNOWLEDGE

  --> higher education level so more status and rights

  --> good public healthcare programmes and awareness campaigns lower mortality, especially infant and children mortality
• ACCESSIBILITY

  --> clinics and hospitals easy to access as they are close to them

  --> therefore they get treated early to not die
• AVAILABILITY

  --> preventive measures are adequate to prevent and control diseas spread
• AFFORDABILITY

  --> resources are available to provide proper healthcare for the people

  --> health insurance and government subsidies are available to help cut medical cost therefore lower mortality rates
• PLACES OF RESIDENCE

  --> favourable living conditions and environment

  --> safe water, adequate proper sanitation and proper housing

  --> people are less exposed to communicable diseases
• SOCIAL CLASS AND ETHNICITY

  --> more affluent areas = lower mortality

  --> the population can afford better living conditions, better nutritions and better healthcare therefore less susceptible to diseases
• DEMOGRAPHIC AGE POPULATION

  --> despite higher standards of healthcare, crude death rate is higher than LIC due to older population susceptible to degenerative diseases
• FACTORS AFFECTING MORTALITY RATE (LIC)

  --> high mortality rate, low life expectancy

  --> steady improvement due to improving food, water supply, sanitation and housing

  --> higher infectious diseases, many water borne (cholera), vector borne(malaria). HIV/AIDS and river blindness

  --> accounts for over 40% deaths
• HEALTHCARE (KAAA)

  KNOWLEDGE

  --> lower education level, lower status and conservative mindset might continue to spread infectious diseases
• ACCESSIBILITY

  --> inadequate and inaccessible healthcare facilities

  --> nearest clinic is 2-3 days away

  --> therefore treatable diseases becomes not treatable
• AVAILABILITY

  --> lack resources to provide adequate preventive measures therefore diseases spread quickly
• AFFORDABILIty

  --> healthcare is expensive for most of the people therefore higher mortality rates
• PLACES OF RESIDENCE HOUSING

  --> tend to live in poorer living conditions

  --> shanty towns

  --> slums

  --> makeshift housing which are overcrowding, not clean and unsanitary water supplies

  --> therefore spreading diseases (tuberculosis, cholera)
• SOCIAL CLASS AND ETHNICITY

  --> ethnic majorities/migrant groups

  --> higher mortality due to poverty

  --> poor are malnourished therefore more susceptible to diseases
• DEMOGRAPHIC AGE POPULATION

  --> more youthful population with lower incidence of degenerative diseases
• Reasons for declining mortality rate:

  • Vaccination programs provided by organizations like the World Health Organization (WHO) and Doctors Without Borders
  • Increased use of mosquito nets and access to antiretroviral therapies for HIV/AIDS
  • Improved accessibility to water, reliable water quality, and better sanitation leading to reduced cases of waterborne diseases
  • Increased wealth in some nations resulting in the development of more hospitals and better quality healthcare
  • Increased access to education, especially for women, leading to healthier families, increased rates of breastfeeding, and lower infant and child mortality rates
  • Improved food security and better nutrition due to increased access or better distribution
  • Hazard mitigation strategies
• population pyramid