cjs

• Early forms of settling disputes included the ordeal, a practice used to determine guilt or innocence of the accused through divine intervention like trial by boiling water, combat, Eucharist, or even a donkey
• The theory of logomacy is the blueprint of the Criminal Justice System today
• Crime is defined as an act or omission in violation of a public law forbidding or commanding it, with three types: felony, offense, and infraction
• Omission refers to the inaction, failure to perform a positive duty, while act is any body movement producing a change in the outside world
• Overt acts are external acts that logically result in a felony, marking the start of criminal liability
• Intentional felonies are performed with deliberate intent or malice, while culpable felonies are unintentional or caused by negligence or imprudence
• Elements of intentional and culpable felonies include freedom, intelligence, and intent for dolo (deceit), and negligence and imprudence for culpable acts
• Stages in the commission of crimes: consummated stage when all elements for execution are present, frustrated stage when acts don't produce the felony due to external causes, and attempted stage when the offender begins the crime but doesn't complete it
• Simple crimes involve a single act constituting one offense, while complex crimes involve multiple grave felonies or one being a necessary means for committing the other
• Classification of crimes according to gravity: grave felonies are punishable by capital punishment or afflictive penalties, less grave felonies with correctional penalties, and light felonies with penalties like arresto menor and fines not exceeding 40,000 pesos
• Classification of crimes according to the result: acquisitive crimes involve the offender acquiring something, while extinctive crimes have destructive consequences
• Classification of crimes according to the period of commission: seasonal crimes are committed only at certain times, while situational crimes occur only when conditions are conducive
• Classification of crimes according to the length of time: instant crimes are committed quickly, while episodial crimes involve a series of acts over a lengthy period
• Classification of crimes according to the place: static crimes occur in one place, while continuing crimes happen in several locations
• Classification of crimes according to mental faculties: rational crimes are committed with intent by a sane offender, while irrational crimes are committed by those who don't understand their actions due to mental illness
• Classification of crimes according to the type of offender: white-collar crimes are committed by upper-class individuals in their professional activities, while blue-collar crimes are committed by ordinary criminals to maintain their livelihood