Hand out 1

Cards (43)

  • Attachment is a strong reciprocal emotional bond between an infant and a primary caregiver
  • Schaffer and Emerson's 1964 study on attachment aims to

    identify stages of attachment / find a pattern in the development of an attachment between infants and parents
  • is the moral component of the psyche, representing internalized societal values and standards

    Freud's superego
  • Spirituality is the search for meaning in life, while religion is the belief in and worship of a god or gods
  • Spirituality and religion can overlap; a person may find meaning in life through their religious beliefs
  • Basic human needs are physiologic and psychologic conditions that an individual must meet to achieve a state of health and well-being
  • Man is a biopsychosocial and spiritual being who is in constant contact with the environment
  • Man as a social being:
    • Shares common attributes with others in groups defined by culture, age, marital status, and education
    • Examples of common attributes include beliefs, practices, norms, religions, and language
  • Man as a spiritual being:
    • All men are spiritual in nature, endowed with virtues of faith, hope, and charity
    • All men believe in the existence of a supreme power who guides fate and destiny, the source of meaning & purpose of life
  • Man is an open system in constant interaction with a changing environment according to Callista Roy:
    • Open system allows input & output to & from its boundaries
    • Allows exchange or constantly affected by matter, energy & information
  • Man is a unified whole composed of parts that are interdependent and interrelated with each other according to Martha Rogers
  • Man is composed of parts which are greater than and different from the sum of all its parts according to Martha Rogers:
    • Man is not simply a composite of physiologic body parts but endowed with intellect, talents, strengths, etc.
    • Man is different from the sum of all his parts, with responses that can be predictable or unpredictable
  • Man is composed of subsystems and suprasystems according to Martha Rogers:
    • Subsystems include cells, tissues, organs, organ systems
    • Suprasystems include family, community, and society, profoundly affecting man in all dimensions
  • Man has 14 fundamental needs according to Virginia Henderson, including breathing, eating, eliminating, moving, sleeping, dressing, maintaining body temperature, keeping clean, avoiding danger, communicating, worshiping, working, playing, and learning
  • Man is a unity who can be viewed as functioning biologically, symbolically & socially and initiates & performs self-care activities on own behalf in maintaining life, health, & well-being
  • Health is a fundamental right of every human being, integrating body & mind into a highly desirable state
  • World Health Organization's definition of health:
    • 1948: "Health is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity"
    • 1998: Proposed amendment to include spiritual well-being in the definition of health
  • Health refers to a state where the physical body is free from disease, while wellness is an overall balance of a person’s physical, social, spiritual, emotional, intellectual, environmental, and occupational well-being
  • Wellness is an active process through which people become aware of, and make choices toward a more successful existence, concerning mental, physical, social, occupational, intellectual, and emotional well-being
  • Models of Health & Illness include the Health & Illness Continuum, Agent-Host-Environment Model, Smith’s Model of Health, Health Belief Model, and Health Promotion Model
  • The Health Belief Model by Becker in 1974 explores historical background of health concepts and models of health & illness, including Dunn’s Health-Illness continuum, Leavell and Clark’s Agent-Host-Environment Model, Smith’s Model of Health (CRAE), Becker’s Health Belief Model, and Pender’s Health Promotion Model
  • The Health Belief Model aims to understand the mostly utilized definition of health vis-a-vis wellness
  • The Health Belief Model also delves into common causes of diseases, such as biologic agents, genetic defects, developmental defects, physical agents, chemical agents, tissue response to irritation/injury, faulty chemical/metabolic processes, and emotional/physical reactions to stress
  • Stages of illness according to the Health Belief Model:
    • Symptom experience: person believes something is wrong, experiences symptoms
    • Assumption of sick role: acceptance of illness, seeks advice and support, gives up some activities
    • Medical care contact: seeks advice of health professionals for validation, explanation of symptoms, reassurance or prediction of outcome
    • Recovery/rehabilitation: person becomes a client dependent on health professionals, accepts/rejects suggestions, may regress to an earlier behavioral stage, gives up sick role and returns to former roles and functions
  • Models of Health & Illness (HIC, AHEM, SMOH, HBM, HPM)
    1. Health & Illness Continuum
    2. Agent- Host Environment Model
    3. Smith’s Model of Health
    4. Health Belief Model
    5. Health Promotion Model
  • Precursor of Illness (H, BF, EF)
    1. Heredity
    2. Behavioral factors
    3. . Environmental factors
  • 4 SMITH’S MODEL OF HEALTH(CM, RPM, AM, EM)
    Clinical Model
    Role Performance Model
    Adaptive Model
    Eudemonistic Model
  • Clinical Model
    people as a physiologic system with related fxns & identifies health as the absence of s/s of dse/injury
  • Role Performance Model
    health in terms of man’s ability to fulfill societal roles ie. performing work
  • Adaptive Model
    focus-adaptation; health-creative process; dse-a failure in adaptation=maladaptati on; aim of treatmentrestore ability of man to adapt/ cope
  • Eudemonistic Model
    health is a condition of actualization or realization of a person’s potential; avers actualization as highest aspiration of man
  • COMMON CAUSES OF DISEASES
    Biologic agents
    Genetic defects
    Developmental defects
    Physical agents
    Chemical agents
    Tissue response to irritation/injury
    Faulty chemical/metabolic process
    Emotional/physical reaction to stress
  • 5 STAGES OF ILLNESS
    1. SYMPTOM EXPERIENCE
    2. ASSUMPTION OF SICK ROLE
    3. MEDICAL CARE CONTACT
    4. DEPENDENT PATIENT ROLE
    5. RECOVERY/ REHABILITATION
  • SYMPTOM EXPERIENCE
    transition stage; person believes something is wrong; experiences some symptoms
    3 aspects;
    • physical (fever, muscle aches, malaise, headache)
    • cognitive (perception of ‘ having flu’)
    • emotional (worry on consequence of illness)
  • ASSUMPTION OF SICK ROLE
    acceptance of the illness
     seeks advice, support for decision to give up some activities
  • MEDICAL CARE CONTACT
    Seeks advice of health professionals for;
    Validation of real illness
    Explanation of symptoms
    Reassurance or prediction of outcome
  • DEPENDENT PATIENT ROLE

    the person becomes a client dependent on the health professional for help
    accept/rejects health professional’s suggestions
    becomes more passive and accepting
    may regress to an earlier behavioral stage
  • RECOVERY/ REHABILITATION
    gives up the sick role and returns to former roles and functions
  • Risk factors
    characteristics that increases the vulnerability of an individual or group to an illness or accident
  • 4 Risk factors of a disease
    1. GENETIC & PHYSIOLOGICAL FACTORS
    2. AGE
    3. LIFESTYLE
    4. ENVIRONMENT