Hand out 1

• Attachment is a strong reciprocal emotional bond between an infant and a primary caregiver
• Schaffer and Emerson's 1964 study on attachment aims to

  
  

  identify stages of attachment / find a pattern in the development of an attachment between infants and parents
• is the moral component of the psyche, representing internalized societal values and standards

  
  

  Freud's superego
• Spirituality is the search for meaning in life, while religion is the belief in and worship of a god or gods
• Spirituality and religion can overlap; a person may find meaning in life through their religious beliefs
• Basic human needs are physiologic and psychologic conditions that an individual must meet to achieve a state of health and well-being
• Man is a biopsychosocial and spiritual being who is in constant contact with the environment
• Man as a social being:

  • Shares common attributes with others in groups defined by culture, age, marital status, and education
  • Examples of common attributes include beliefs, practices, norms, religions, and language
• Man as a spiritual being:

  • All men are spiritual in nature, endowed with virtues of faith, hope, and charity
  • All men believe in the existence of a supreme power who guides fate and destiny, the source of meaning & purpose of life
• Man is an open system in constant interaction with a changing environment according to Callista Roy:

  • Open system allows input & output to & from its boundaries
  • Allows exchange or constantly affected by matter, energy & information
• Man is a unified whole composed of parts that are interdependent and interrelated with each other according to Martha Rogers
• Man is composed of parts which are greater than and different from the sum of all its parts according to Martha Rogers:

  • Man is not simply a composite of physiologic body parts but endowed with intellect, talents, strengths, etc.
  • Man is different from the sum of all his parts, with responses that can be predictable or unpredictable
• Man is composed of subsystems and suprasystems according to Martha Rogers:

  • Subsystems include cells, tissues, organs, organ systems
  • Suprasystems include family, community, and society, profoundly affecting man in all dimensions
• Man has 14 fundamental needs according to Virginia Henderson, including breathing, eating, eliminating, moving, sleeping, dressing, maintaining body temperature, keeping clean, avoiding danger, communicating, worshiping, working, playing, and learning
• Man is a unity who can be viewed as functioning biologically, symbolically & socially and initiates & performs self-care activities on own behalf in maintaining life, health, & well-being
• Health is a fundamental right of every human being, integrating body & mind into a highly desirable state
• World Health Organization's definition of health:

  • 1948: "Health is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity"
  • 1998: Proposed amendment to include spiritual well-being in the definition of health
• Health refers to a state where the physical body is free from disease, while wellness is an overall balance of a person’s physical, social, spiritual, emotional, intellectual, environmental, and occupational well-being
• Wellness is an active process through which people become aware of, and make choices toward a more successful existence, concerning mental, physical, social, occupational, intellectual, and emotional well-being
• Models of Health & Illness include the Health & Illness Continuum, Agent-Host-Environment Model, Smith’s Model of Health, Health Belief Model, and Health Promotion Model
• The Health Belief Model by Becker in 1974 explores historical background of health concepts and models of health & illness, including Dunn’s Health-Illness continuum, Leavell and Clark’s Agent-Host-Environment Model, Smith’s Model of Health (CRAE), Becker’s Health Belief Model, and Pender’s Health Promotion Model
• The Health Belief Model aims to understand the mostly utilized definition of health vis-a-vis wellness
• The Health Belief Model also delves into common causes of diseases, such as biologic agents, genetic defects, developmental defects, physical agents, chemical agents, tissue response to irritation/injury, faulty chemical/metabolic processes, and emotional/physical reactions to stress
• Stages of illness according to the Health Belief Model:

  • Symptom experience: person believes something is wrong, experiences symptoms
  • Assumption of sick role: acceptance of illness, seeks advice and support, gives up some activities
  • Medical care contact: seeks advice of health professionals for validation, explanation of symptoms, reassurance or prediction of outcome
  • Recovery/rehabilitation: person becomes a client dependent on health professionals, accepts/rejects suggestions, may regress to an earlier behavioral stage, gives up sick role and returns to former roles and functions
• Models of Health & Illness (HIC, AHEM, SMOH, HBM, HPM)

  1. Health & Illness Continuum
  2. Agent- Host Environment Model
  3. Smith’s Model of Health
  4. Health Belief Model
  5. Health Promotion Model
• Precursor of Illness (H, BF, EF)

  1. Heredity
  2. Behavioral factors
  3. . Environmental factors
• 4 SMITH’S MODEL OF HEALTH(CM, RPM, AM, EM)

  Clinical Model

  Role Performance Model

  Adaptive Model

  Eudemonistic Model
• Clinical Model


  people as a physiologic system with related fxns & identifies health as the absence of s/s of dse/injury
• Role Performance Model


  health in terms of man’s ability to fulfill societal roles ie. performing work
• Adaptive Model


  focus-adaptation; health-creative process; dse-a failure in adaptation=maladaptati on; aim of treatmentrestore ability of man to adapt/ cope
• Eudemonistic Model


  health is a condition of actualization or realization of a person’s potential; avers actualization as highest aspiration of man
• COMMON CAUSES OF DISEASES

  ● Biologic agents

  ● Genetic defects

  ● Developmental defects

  ● Physical agents

  ● Chemical agents

  ● Tissue response to irritation/injury

  ● Faulty chemical/metabolic process

  ● Emotional/physical reaction to stress
• 5 STAGES OF ILLNESS

  1. SYMPTOM EXPERIENCE
  2. ASSUMPTION OF SICK ROLE
  3. MEDICAL CARE CONTACT
  4. DEPENDENT PATIENT ROLE
  5. RECOVERY/ REHABILITATION
• SYMPTOM EXPERIENCE

   transition stage; person believes something is wrong; experiences some symptoms

   3 aspects;

  • physical (fever, muscle aches, malaise, headache)
  • cognitive (perception of ‘ having flu’)
  • emotional (worry on consequence of illness)
• ASSUMPTION OF SICK ROLE

   acceptance of the illness

   seeks advice, support for decision to give up some activities
• MEDICAL CARE CONTACT


  Seeks advice of health professionals for;

   Validation of real illness

   Explanation of symptoms

   Reassurance or prediction of outcome
• DEPENDENT PATIENT ROLE


  the person becomes a client dependent on the health professional for help

  accept/rejects health professional’s suggestions

  becomes more passive and accepting

  may regress to an earlier behavioral stage
• RECOVERY/ REHABILITATION

  gives up the sick role and returns to former roles and functions
• Risk factors

  characteristics that increases the vulnerability of an individual or group to an illness or accident
• 4 Risk factors of a disease

  1. GENETIC & PHYSIOLOGICAL FACTORS
  2. AGE
  3. LIFESTYLE
  4. ENVIRONMENT