PRMLSP 2 LEC: Midterms CHAPTER 5

• blood that is collected for analyses is extracted from veins is called venipuncture
• circulatory system also known as cardiovascular system or vascular system it to transport blood to all parts of the body which is extremely important because it carries nutrients, oxygen, carbon dioxide, hormones, and blood cells which are required for nourishment and growth the cells of every organ
• from tissue to heart to lungs to heart to cells
• 3 components of circulatory system : heart, blood, blood vessels
• heart has 4 chambers the two atria, and two ventricles
• atria are the receiving chambers and receive blood from veins
• ventricles are designed to be efficient pumps, sending blood into arteries
• right atrium --> right ventricle --> lungs --> left atrium --> left ventricle --> aorta --> rest of body
• arteries - carries oxygenated blood
• pulmonary artery - carries deoxygenated blood
• veins - carries deoxygenated blood
• pulmonary vein - carries oxygenated blood
• Arteries carry blood away from the heart and veins carry blood back or towards to the heart.
• lymphatic system

  • drains excess fluid from the tissue spaces and transport nutrients and waste products back to the blood stream
  • provides a defense mechanism against disease by storing lymphocytes and monocytes that protect the body from foreign substances through phagocytosis and the immune response
• Cardiovascular system

  • transport system of the body
• gas exchange occurs within the alveoli
• Arterioles are small arteries that link up to capillaries
• Venules are the smallest veins and receive blood from capillaries. 
• capillaries - are the thinnest blood vessels made of a single layer of squamous epithelial cells. these thin tubular structures are the primary site for the exchange of materials between the circulatory system and tissues.
• artery is thick because it is high in pressure

  • tunica media
  • lumen is narrow
  • no valve because high pressure
• vein is thin because it is low in pressure

  • tunica media
  • lumen is wide
  • with valve to prevent back flow because low pressure
• radial artery - where pulse is felt in the arm, runs from the heart to the arm
• capillaries are easily exploded
• arteries and veins are connected through capillaries
• blue represents deoxygenated blood
• red represents oxygenated blood
• blood drawn for routine tests is often from the veins
• interstitial fluid is a colorless solution that bathes all the cells of the body and forms a major component of the extracellular fluid. it is formed due to hydrostatic force of blood in capillaries which causes water, ions, and small solutes from the circulatory system to escape
• interstitial fluid is similar to blood plasma in many ways
• lymphatic circulation fluid is now called lymph and passes through lymph nodes, where pathogens, damaged cells, or cancerous cells can be trapped and destroyed
• Edema accumulates in tissues during inflammation or when lymph drainage is impaired. it absorbs and transports fatty acids and fats as chylomicrons from the digestive system.
• median cubital vein

  • most commonly used for venipuncture
  • lies over the cubital fossa and serves as an anastomosis between the cephalic and basilic veins

  
• cephalic vein

  • lateral
  • it can be followed proximally where it empties into the axillary vein

  
• basilic vein

  • median
  • it divides to join the brachial vein

  
• Hematoma is usually caused by a broken blood vessel that was damaged by surgery or an injury. It can occur anywhere in the body, including the brain.
• dorsal metacarpal veins

  • not exactly a common choice
  • found in the middle of the hand, commonly used for intravenous infusion (IV)
  • in the event that the antecubital vein is inaccessible, this provide a viable alternative

  
•  Edema is the medical term for swelling caused by fluid trapped in your body's tissues. Edema happens most often in your feet, ankles and legs, but can affect other parts of your body, such as your face, hands and abdomen.
• Mastectomy is breast cancer surgery that removes the entire breast
• Fistula: an access made by joining an artery and vein in your arm. Graft: an access made by using a piece of soft tube to join an artery and vein in your arm.
• blood is a fluid that is also a type of connective tissue. composed of blood cells and an aqueous fluid known as plasma. transports substances to and from our cells and providing immunity and protection against infectious agents