Micropara lec lesson 1

• MICROPARA

  
• Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, known as "the Father of Microbiology," discovered bacteria, free-living and parasitic protists, sperm cells, blood cells, and nematodes

  
• Leeuwenhoek is the Father of Microscopy and Protozoology

  
• Leeuwenhoek's discoveries include animalcules

  
• Robert Hooke discovered a honeycomb-like structure in a cork slice, leading to the term 'cell'

  
• Hooke published "Micrographia" in 1665, illustrating his discovery of cells through a microscope
• Francesco Redi's experiment disproved spontaneous generation, showing that flies do not arise from rotting meat, but from eggs laid by flies
• Louis Pasteur, the Father of Medical Microbiology, postulated the germ theory of disease, disproving spontaneous generation
• Pasteur's experiments showed that bacteria were responsible for souring wine and dairy products, leading to the germ theory of disease
• Edward Jenner introduced the smallpox vaccine, calling his method "vaccination" after the Latin word for cow (baka)
• Ignaz Semmelweis demonstrated that hand-washing could reduce deaths after childbirth, showing the importance of hygiene in healthcare
• Florence Nightingale, a nurse, wrote on healthcare administration and was known for her work during the Crimean War
• Robert Koch, the founder of modern bacteriology, identified causative agents of tuberculosis, cholera, and anthrax, and created Koch's postulates
• Hans Christian Gram developed the Gram staining technique to distinguish between two major classes of bacteria: Gram-positive and Gram-negative
• Alexander Fleming discovered lysozyme and penicillin, the first antibiotic substance, from Penicillium notatum
• Microbial genetics is concerned with the transmission of hereditary characters in microorganisms
• Molecular Biology studies the composition, structure, and interactions of cellular molecules, aiding in drug targeting and disease diagnosis
• Recombinant DNA Technology joins DNA molecules from different species to create new genetic combinations for various fields
• Gene Therapy involves inserting recombined DNA molecules into host organisms for scientific, medical, agricultural, and industrial purposes
• Microbiology is the study of microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and algae

  
• Microbiology involves the exploitation of biological processes for industrial purposes, genetic manipulation of microorganisms for antibiotics, hormones, etc.
• Fields of Microbiology include:

  1. Bacteriology - bacteria

  2. Virology - viruses

  3. Mycology - fungi

  4. Parasitology - protozoa and parasitic worms

  5. Phycology - algae

  6. Immunology - immune system and immune response
• Microbiology comes from the Greek words mikros (small), bios (life), and logos (study of), focusing on small life seen with a microscope
• Microbes are single-cell organisms, with types including archaea, bacteria, fungi, protista, and viruses
• Archaea are living fossils providing clues to early life on Earth, resembling bacteria but with unique characteristics like no interior membranes
• Bacteria consist of single cells, can survive extreme conditions, and play essential roles like breaking down organic matter and producing vitamins
• Fungi are saprophytic and parasitic spore-producing eukaryotic organisms, including molds, rusts, mildews, smuts, mushrooms, and yeasts
• Protista are eukaryotic creatures without a nucleus, acting as predecessors to plants, animals, and fungi
• Viruses are genetic material in a protein coat, some with an additional envelope layer
• Prokaryotes lack a membrane-bound nucleus and organelles, like Escherichia coli and Streptococcus bacteria
• Eukaryotes have a true nucleus, membrane-bound organelles, and include protists, fungi, plants, and animals
• Characteristics of Bacteria:

  • Morphology: size - 0.2-2.0 micrometer (d)' 2.0-8.0 (i). Shape (Spherical – COCCUS (cocci)

  Rod-shaped – BACILLUS (bacilli)

  Spirilla – Coiled/Spiral

  Spirillum

  Spirochete
• Aristotle(384-322 B.C.)


  The concept of spontaneous generation suggests that living organisms can emerge from non-living materials, such as rotting meat and decomposable items, resulting in "pneuma" (vital heat).
• Roger Bacon(13th Century)


  English philosopher and Franciscan friar discusses the disease caused by a small "seed" or "germ."
• John Needham 1713-1781


  English cleric and vitalist believed life was created from nonliving material, with advanced spontaneous generation demonstrating microorganism flourishing in air-exposed soups, claiming a life force in inorganic matter molecules.
• Lazzaro Spallanzani 1729-1799


  An Italian Catholic priest, biologist, and physiologist demonstrated that air carried germs to culture mediums, and boiled broth did not produce microscopic life forms.
• BACTERIA


  are microscopic, simple, single-celled, and prokaryotic organisms that lack a membrane-bound nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.
• Characteristics of Bacteria

  Morphology, Staining Characteristics, Motility
• COCCI


  In pairs - diplococciIn, clusters – staphylococciIn, chains – streptococci, Groups of 4 – tetrads, Groups of 8 - sarcinae
• BACILLI


  In single, In pairs – diplobacilli, In chains – streptobacilli, In palisade, Coccobacillus