Criminology A2

• Right Realists focus on control, containment and punishment.
• Right Realist Prevention

  Policies reduce reward and increase costs of crime, thus using it as a deterrent
• Right Realist Crime Prevention 


  "Broken Window Theory" - Wilson and Kelling
• Right Realist Crime Prevention 


  Broken Window Theory (Wilson and Kelling) - Draws attention to minor crimes such as graffiti and vandalism since a lack of care within a society causes suggests that deviant norms are tolerated
• Right Realist Crime Prevention

  In 1989 Operation Enforcement cleaned the underground of things such as graffiti and fixing carriages. This lessened the amount of crime committed in the underground.
• Right Realism: Environmental Crime Prevention


  Hitachi believes that strong social bonds prevents deviance
• Right Realists: Environmental Crime Prevention

  1. Parents Responsibility
  2. Schemes such as Neighbourhood Watch
  3. Removing anti-social behaviour
  4. Supervision of offenders
  5. Adapting zero tolerance
  6. Heavier policing and more arrests
  7. Fast-track punishments of offenders
• Right Realist Crime Prevention

  Limitations - They prioritise punishment and deterrents over resolving the root cause of crime, meaning that it may not effectively address social and economic factors of crime
• Right Realist Crime Prevention

  Limitations - Ignores impulsivity

  - Ignores white collar crime

  - There is institutional racism
• Right Realism Crime Prevention

  Zero Tolerance Policing - Focuses on rational choice theory, reducing rewards and implementing very harsh punishment.
• Right Realism Prevention

  Zero Tolerance Policing - This was implemented in New York where if someone committed three crimes of any level, they were arrested. This included vandalism, graffiti and loitering.
• Left Realism Prevention

  Lea and Young - Believed that gradual reform could cause change
• Left Realism Prevention

  Lea and Young

  1. Policies to reduce cultural and material deprivation through educational maintenance allowance free school meals
  2. Schemes such as neighbourhood watch
  3. Building community cohesion and trusting positive relations with police
  4. Multi-agency - Agencies work with local people to tackle crime
• Right Realist Prevention

  Cornish and Clarke - Five techniques of situational Prevention

  • Increase the effort
  • Increase risk
  • Reduce reward
  • Reduce Provocations
  • Reducing excusing
• Left Realist Prevention 


  Community Based Approaches - Young and Matthews (1992)

  • Improving leisure facilities for the young
  • Reducing income inequalities
  • Improving housing estates
  • Raising living standards of deprived families
  • Reducing unemployment and creating jobs with better prospects
• Left Realist Critism

  • They are too soft on crime
  • Most people living in deprived areas do not turn to crime
  • Ignores White collar and co-operate crime
  • Neighbourhood policing may seem too controlling
• Social Crime Prevention - Left Realism

  • Formal Control - Police and government implement laws
  • Informal social control - The agencies that keep us behaving out of fear of negative sanctions
  • Offenders - Their motivations, whether they feel marginalised
  • Victims - How likely people are to become victims

  
• Post Modernist Prevention 


  Focuses on surveillance to control everyone not just offenders. Includes private security such as CCTV and consumer tracking.
• Critisms of Post Modernist Prevention

  Surveillance through consumer tracking causes people to be more regarded as consumers than citizens.

  Surveillance if a form of extensive control
• Post Modernist Prevention

  Revolves around the idea of Foucault (1991)

  • Panopticon - Where guards could see the prisoners, but the prisoners can't see them, forcing them to behave.
• Functionalist Punishment

  Retributive Justice - When an offenders breaks the law, they should suffer in return and consequences should be proportional to the offense.
• Functionalist Crime Prevention

  Merton - Making society more equal.

  • Polices to tackle poverty
  • Equal opportunities
  • Education in prison
• Functionalist Punishment

  Restorative Justice - An approach to justice which helps to repair harm caused by crime by providing opportunities to those harmed.
• Functionalist Punishment

  There are two main justifications for punishment:

  • Reduction - Using punishment as a deterrent
  • Retribution - The individual is punished through punishments such as prison sentences
• Functionalist Punishment

  Durkheim's Aim - Reinforce shared values and maintain social solidarity.

  • By punishing offenders, society's value is reaffirmed by moral unity
• Marxist Punishment 


  Aim - The idea that prison only benefits capitalism and supresses the lower class
• Marxist Punishment

  • Imprisonment of the lower class neutralises oppositions of the system so there are less people starting potential revolutionaries
  • It is mostly the lower class who get sent to prison
  • Predominantly the marginalised end up in jail
• Marxist Punishment 


  48% of all prisoners are at or below the expected level of an 11 year old in reading, writing and numeracy.
• Marxist punishment 


  Disadvantages:

  • Ignores other inequalities such as gender and ethnicity
  • There are prosecutions for corporate crime
• Post Modernist Punishment 


  Aim - Prison is used as surveillance. Using the idea of the Panopticon, the guards can see the prisoners but the prisoners can't see them, forcing prisoners to behave.
• Post Modernist Punishment 


  Limitations - Can be seen as extensive control
• Right Realist Punishment 


  Aim - Harsh punishment reduces crime.
• Right Realist Punishment 


  Uses the zero tolerance policing of giving harsh punishment for smaller crimes
• Left Realist: Punishment

  Aim - Prison alone is ineffective. They use other methods such as mediation and reparation
• Sentencing

  Incapacitation: Incarceration in prison or greater surveillance in the community
• Sentencing

  Rehabilitation: A sentence which is used to address an offenders behaviour, providing them with education, training and therapy to stop them reoffending
• Sentencing

  Deterrence: Being convicted and punished discourages people from committing future crime
• Sentencing 


  Criminal Justice Act 2003 - Sets out five aims of sentencing:

  • Crime reduction
  • Rehabilitation
  • Public Protection
  • Restorative Justice
  • Retribution
• Left Realism Punishment 


  Mediation - Meeting the victim to see how the crime affecting them, causing them to feel shame and discourage them from reoffending
• Left Realist Punishment

  Reparation - Paying back to the community through community service and etc.