Carbohydrates

• Carbohydrates: composed of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen (C, H, O)
• Polymers are molecules made by chemical bonds between two monomers
• Monomers are the molecules that join together to form polymers
• Hydrolysis is a chemical reaction where water is added to break the bonds between two molecules
• A Condensation reaction forms polymers by removing water when two monomers join together
• Chemical bonds like glycosidic bonds for carbohydrates and peptide bonds for proteins are examples of bonds formed by condensation reaction
• Glucose is a soluble molecule that is used for respiration, stored as glycogen or starch as an energy reserve or used in structural molecules
• What is the difference between alpha and beta glucose

  The right hand side the molecules are switched ( H and OH )

  
• Starch is a storage polymer in plant cells that is insoluble, and too large to be diffused out of cells.
• Starch is made from amylose and amylopectin 


  Amylose:

  • Has a 1,4 glycosidic bond (alpha glucose only)
  • Is a helix with hydrogen bonds

  Amylopectin :

  • Has a 1,4 and 1,6 glycosidic bond (alpha glucose only)
  • Is branched so many terminal ends for hydrolysis to happen an form glucose
• Characteristics of glycogen:

  • Comprised of branched glucose molecules
  • Insoluble and compacts for storage
  • Contains 1,4 and 1,6 glycosidic bonds
  • Allows for rapid hydrolysis for energy release
• Glycogen is a biological molecule that serves as the main storage form of glucose in animal cells
• • Cellulose is a long unbranched polysaccharide made up of chains of glucose molecules held together by hydrogen bonds, providing structural support in plant cell walls
  • Cellulose prevents plant cells from bursting under turgor pressure
  • The molecules of cellulose are linked by 1,4 glycosidic bonds
  • Cellulose is found in the cell walls of plants
• Cellulose is a polymer of glucose molecules that form chains held together by hydrogen bonds, offering structural support in plant cell walls
• Cellulose prevents plant cells from bursting under turgor pressure by providing structural support
• Cellulose molecules are made of beta glucose bonded by 1,4 glycosidic bonds
• Properties of Cellulose:

  • Insoluble
  • High tensile strength due to hydrogen bonds
  • Flexible
  • Tensile strength between microfibrils
  • Unreactive due to firm individual chains
• Disaccharides

  Glucose + Glucose makes Maltose

  Glucose + Fructose makes Sucrose

  Glucose + Galactose makes Lactose
• Starch

  • Amylose - an unbranched chain of glucose molecules joined by 1, 4 glycosidic bonds, it is a very compact molecule meaning it can store a lot of energy
  • Amylopectin - branched and is made up of glucose molecules joined by 1, 4 and 1, 6 glycosidic bonds, due to the presence of many side branches it is rapidly digested by enzymes therefore energy is released quickly