L 1-3

• In language learning, the four macro skills are: Listening, Speaking, Reading, and Writing. viewing or watching are added
• Listening involves understanding spoken language, including the meaning, context, and nuances
• Speaking is the ability to produce and articulate spoken language fluently and accurately
• Reading is the ability to understand written language, interpreting and comprehending written texts
• Writing is the ability to produce written language coherently and effectively, expressing thoughts, opinions, and information clearly and persuasively
• Viewing is an additional skill important in the digital age, involving interpreting and understanding visual information
• Genres of reading and writing:

  • Not all written works can be considered literature unless they follow the C.U.T.E. standard:
  • Creatively written
  • Universal
  • Timeless
  • Excellently written
• Brainstorming techniques are used to generate ideas effectively
• Brainstorming is the process of writing down specific topics from different sources
• Techniques in brainstorming include:

  • Idea listing: simply involves listing down ideas about a particular topic
  • Idea mapping: visual representation of ideas and their connections with one another, also called web clustering
  • Cubing: an idea is examined from 6 distinct viewpoints (describe, compare, associate, analyze, apply, argue)
  • Free writing: continuous writing without inhibitions and not minding errors in spelling and grammar
  • Researching: going to the library or checking out websites on the internet, then making a list or map of new ideas