RIZAL

• R.A 1425, also known as the Rizal Law, mandates the inclusion of courses on the life, works, and writings of Dr. Jose Rizal, particularly his novels Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo, in the curricula of all public and private schools, colleges, and universities
• The Rizal Law aims to re-dedicate to the ideals of freedom and nationalism, honoring heroes like Jose Rizal, and shaping the national character through education
• The Board of National Education is authorized to adopt measures to implement the Rizal Law, including the writing and printing of appropriate primers, readers, and textbooks
• All schools, colleges, and universities are obliged to keep an adequate number of copies of the original or unexpurgated editions of Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo in their libraries
• Republic Act 1425, also known as the Rizal Law, mandates the inclusion of courses on the life, works, and writings of Dr. Jose Rizal, particularly his novels Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo, in the curricula of all public and private schools, colleges, and universities
• The Rizal Law also requires the translation of Rizal's works into English, Tagalog, and other Philippine dialects, their printing in cheap editions, and free distribution to promote patriotism
• The Rizal Law was approved on June 12, 1956, and was written by Sen. Jose P. Laurel, with a comprised version of House Bill No. 5561
• Rizal as a course in college is generally taught as a supplementary course, focusing on his biography and trivial matters, with varying interpretations of the spirit and letter of the Rizal Law through the years
• The Rizal Law aims to re-dedicate to the ideals of freedom and nationalism, honoring heroes like Jose Rizal, and shaping the national character through education
• Important issuances relative to the implementation of the Rizal Law include the approval of R.A. 1425 in 1956, Presidential Memorandum Order 247 in 1994, and CHED Memorandum Order 6 in 1996
• Notable persons who tried to block the approval of the Rizal Law included Sen. Decoroso Rosales, Sen. Francisco “Soc” Rodrigo, and the Church due to the novels' contradiction of Christian beliefs
• Notable persons who fought for the approval of the Rizal Law were Sen. Jose P. Laurel, Sen. Claro M. Recto, and other congressmen, emphasizing the need for patriotism and the development of moral character
• The Rizal Law obliges all schools, colleges, and universities to keep an adequate number of copies of the original or unexpurgated editions of Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo, as well as Rizal's other works and biography in their libraries
• The Board of National Education is authorized to translate Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo, along with other writings of Jose Rizal, into English, Tagalog, and other principal dialects, and to distribute them free of charge
• Rizal as a course in college is generally taught as a supplementary course, focusing on Rizal's biography and trivial matters, with varying interpretations of the spirit and letter of the Rizal Law
• Important issuances relative to the implementation of the Rizal Law include the approval of R.A. 1425, Presidential Memorandum Order 247, and CHED Memorandum Order 6, which mandate the teaching of the Rizal course in colleges
• The instability of Spanish politics since the turbulent reign of King Ferdinand VII (1808 - 1833) marked the beginning of political chaos in Spain
• A struggle for the throne followed between the forces loyal to Isabela and Charles
• There were frequent changes in the government of Spain even after the overthrow of Isabela in 1868
• By 1830 all Spain's American colonies have become independent except for Cuba and Puerto Rico
• Canovite System or Rotativism


  Liberals and Conservatives in Spain took turns in administering their country
• Isabela became the sole female monarch of Spain
• Philippines in the 19th Century

  19th Century
• During the 19th Century, the Philippine Government had frequent changes and the Philippines became the dumping ground of relatives and favorites of Spanish politicians
• Philippine products


  • sugar
  • coffee
  • rice
  • indigo
  • tobacco
• From 1834 to 1862, Spain had adopted 4 constitutions, elected 28 parliaments, and installed no less than 529 ministers with portfolios; followed in subsequent years by party strifes, revolutions, and other political upheavals
• Before the 19th Century, Europe practiced Mercantilism, an economic practice by which governments used their economies to augment state power at the expense of other countries
• By the 18th and 19th centuries, there was a shift towards Laissez Faire or Free Trade, an economic system in which transactions between private groups of people are free from or almost free from any form of economic interventionism such as regulation and subsidies
• In 1834, the Philippines was officially opened to foreign trade with other countries
• The opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 brought Europe closer to the Philippines and enlightenment ideas became more prevalent among the middle class, known as "illustrados" or the "enlightened ones"
• King of Spain

  Viceroy of Mexico
• Viceroy of Mexico

  Philippines
• Spain reigned over the Philippines for 333 years, from 1565 to 1898
• Since Spain was far from the country, the Spanish colonial government in the Philippines ran indirectly through the viceroy of Spain in Mexico
• The Governor General, appointed by the Spanish monarch, was head of the Spanish colonial government and had various powers and responsibilities
• The Governor General and other government officials had so much power that it was commonly abused, leading to the creation of bodies to investigate abuses such as the residencia, the visitador, and the royal audiencia
• Royal Audencia


  Highest court in the land, serves as an advisory body to the Governor General, has the power to check and report on abuses, audits expenditures of colonial government, sends a yearly report to Spain
• Investigation of abuses

  Bodies created: residencia, visitador, royal audencia
• Despite checks


  An abusive governor general often managed to escape penalties by bribing investigators
• Visitador

  Council of Indies in Spain sends a government official called the Visitador General to observe conditions in the colony, findings reported directly to the King