RPH

• History is the record of what one age finds worthy of note in another - Burckhardt
• Henry Johnson defines history as everything that ever happened
• Smith, V.S. states that the value and interest of history depend largely on the degree in which the present is illuminated by the past
• Rapson describes history as a connected account of the course of events or progress of ideas
• NCERT defines history as the scientific study of past happenings in all their aspects, in the life of a social group, in the light of present happenings
• Jawaharlal Nehru sees history as the story of Man’s struggle through the ages against Nature, the elements, wild beasts, and some of his own kind who have tried to keep him down and exploit him for their own benefit
• Modern history has expanded to include the history of the common man, communities, and societies, deepening our understanding of the potentialities and limitations of the present
• Elements of history:

  • Politics: influence of government on society
  • Economics: money's impact on social classes and conflicts
  • Religion: impact on beliefs and thoughts
  • Social: interactions between upper, middle, and poor classes
  • Intelligence and knowledge progression
  • Art: paintings and pictures produced throughout history
• History is a social science that can be connected to other academic disciplines like Political Science, Economics, Sociology, Psychology, and Geography
• Peter Stearns highlights the importance of studying history to understand people, societies, change, moral understanding, identity, and for good citizenship
• Importance of history according to Pallavi Talekau, Dr. Jyotrimayee Nayak, and Dr. S. Harichandan:

  • Disciplinary value: mental training, critical thinking, memory, and imagination
  • Informative value: treasure-house of information, guidance for human problems, pathfinder of man’s future
  • Cultural and social values: essential for understanding cultural and social aspects
• Importance of history:

  • Cultural and social values: understanding one's cultural and social values, developing attachment towards cultural heritage
  • Political values: history as past politics, essential for completing political and social sciences
  • Nationalistic value: instilling patriotism, inspiring through the deeds of patriots
  • Internationalistic value: showing the dependence and interdependence of nations, fostering universal understanding
  • Educational value: directly concerned with human behavior and action, developing children's imagination
  • Intellectual value: sharpening memory, reasoning, judgment, and imagination
  • Ethical value: teaching morality through valuable thoughts of saints, reformers, and leaders
  • Vocational value: offering job opportunities for history experts like teachers, librarians, and journalists
• Theories of History:

  • Cyclical view: periodicity based on the repetition of social processes
  • Linear view: time progresses in a straight line with a meaningful direction
  • Great God Theory: belief that gods shape events in the world
  • Great Man View: great leaders are born, not made, shaping history with their natural abilities and talents
• Sources of History are crucial in studying historical events, providing information and data that can be documents, relics, fossils, remains, memorabilia, or living eyewitnesses
• Primary sources are first-hand or contemporary accounts of events, offering original thought or new information, examples include diaries, autobiographies, laws, letters, official reports, and personal letters
• Kinds of Primary Sources:

  • Human fossil
  • Artifacts
  • Royal Decrees & Laws
  • Official Reports
  • Chronicles
• Secondary sources are interpretations and evaluations of primary sources, examples include textbooks, encyclopedia entries, and magazine articles
• Tertiary sources present summaries or condensed versions of materials, with references back to primary and/or secondary sources, examples are Almanacs, Abstracts, Dictionaries, Encyclopedias, and Handbooks
• External criticism in historical research focuses on establishing authenticity to ensure documents are not forgeries or inventions
• Internal criticism in historical research aims to evaluate the accuracy and worth of data by considering factors like author's knowledge, time delay, motives, biases, and consistency of the data
• The Toulmin Argumentation Model has six components:

  • Claim: The conclusion of the argument
  • Data: The evidence that supports the claim
  • Warrant: The principle or rule that connects the data to the claim
  • Qualifier: A statement that limits the scope of the claim
  • Backing: Additional evidence or support for the warrant
  • Rebuttal: A statement that addresses possible objections to the argument

  
• The Toulmin Argumentation Model is a useful tool for analyzing and evaluating arguments, helping to identify strengths and weaknesses and develop strategies for improvement
• Stephen Toulmin, an English philosopher and logician, identified elements of a persuasive argument, including:

  • Claim: a statement asking the other person to accept
  • Grounds: the basis of real persuasion, made up of data, hard facts, and reasoning behind the claim
  • The truth of the data may be less than 100%, as it's often based on perception

  
• The Toulmin Argumentation Model has six components:

  • Claim: The conclusion of the argument
  • Data: The evidence supporting the claim
  • Warrant: The principle connecting data to the claim
  • Qualifier: A statement limiting the scope of the claim
  • Backing: Additional evidence for the warrant
  • Rebuttal: A statement addressing possible objections to the argument

  
• Warrant links data and grounds to a claim, legitimizing the claim by showing the grounds to be relevant, and may be explicit or implicit
• Backing provides additional support to the warrant by answering different questions
• Qualifier indicates the strength of the leap from data to warrant and may limit how universally the claim applies, using words like 'most', 'usually', 'always', or 'sometimes'
• Rebuttal addresses counter-arguments that can be used, either through continued dialogue or by pre-empting the counter argument during the initial presentation of the argument
• • What are the 6 components of Toulmin Argumentation Model 1. Claim 2. Ground 3. Warrant 4. Qualifier 5. Backing 6. Rebuttal
• _____ a statement that you are asking the other person to believed

  • Claim
• ______ Basis of real persuasion also known as "Data"

  • Grounds
• _____ Legitimizing the claim by showing to be relevant. It may be explicit or unspoken and implicit.

  • Warrant
• It gives additional support to the warrant by answering different questions.

  • Backing
• It indicates the strength of the leap from the data to the warrant and may limit how universally the claim applies.

  • Qualifier/ Modality
• Exceptions that might be offered to the claim

  • Rebuttal
• Its purpose is to get us to open our wallets and surrender their contents willingly and even enthusiastically.

  • Ads Writers Purpose
• It aims to make us forget the reasons/past.

  • Propagandist Purpose
• We may become suspicious about the truthfulness of their statements.

  • Straightforward Purposes
• Pieces of writing that begin or end with command.

  • Overt Statement
• This is the most substantial way of determining the authors purposes.

  • Analysis of the text