Cells

• What are the two types of cells?

  Prokaryotic and eukaryotic
• What distinguishes prokaryotic organisms from eukaryotic organisms?

  Prokaryotic organisms are single-celled
• What do both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells contain?

  Organelles
• What is the function of organelles in cells?

  Each organelle has a specific function
• What types of cells are included in eukaryotic cells?

  Animal, plant, algal, and fungal cells
• How do prokaryotic cells compare to eukaryotic cells in size and complexity?

  Prokaryotic cells are smaller and simpler
• What are the main organelles found in an animal cell?

  • Plasma cell surface membrane
  • Ribosomes
  • Nucleus
  • Rough endoplasmic reticulum
  • Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
  • Cytoplasm
  • Mitochondrion
  • Lysosome
  • Golgi apparatus
  • Centrioles
• What additional organelles do plant cells have compared to animal cells?

  • Cellulose cell wall
  • Plasmodesmata
  • Vacuole
  • Chloroplasts
• What do starch grains in plant cells do?

  Store excess sugar
• How do algal cells compare to plant cells?

  They have the same organelles
• What is the main difference between fungal cells and plant cells?

  Fungal cell walls are made of chitin
• What do lysosomes contain?

  Hydrolytic enzymes
• What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?

  Processes and packages lipids and proteins
• What is the function of ribosomes?

  Site where proteins are made
• What distinguishes rough endoplasmic reticulum from smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

  RER has ribosomes on its surface
• What is the function of the cell wall in plant cells?

  Supports cells and prevents shape change
• What is the role of the cell vacuole in plant cells?

  Maintains pressure and keeps cells rigid
• How do prokaryotic cells differ from eukaryotic cells in terms of organelles?

  Prokaryotic cells lack membrane-bound organelles
• What is the composition of the prokaryotic cell wall?

  Made of murein
• What is the function of the flagellum in prokaryotic cells?

  Helps the cell move
• What are plasmids in prokaryotic cells?

  Small loops of DNA
• How does the DNA in prokaryotic cells differ from that in eukaryotic cells?

  Prokaryotic DNA floats free in the cytoplasm
• What are viruses composed of?

  Nucleic acids surrounded by protein
• Why are viruses considered acellular?

  They are not made of cells
• How small are viruses compared to bacteria?

  Viruses are smaller than bacteria
• What is a flagellum?

  A long, hair-like structure for movement
• Why do not all prokaryotes have a flagellum?

  Some prokaryotes lack the structure entirely
• What are plasmids?

  Small loops of DNA in prokaryotes
• What do plasmids contain?

  Genes, such as those for antibiotic resistance
• Are plasmids always present in prokaryotic cells?

  No, they are not always present
• How does prokaryotic DNA differ from eukaryotic DNA?

  Prokaryotic DNA floats free in the cytoplasm
• What is the structure of prokaryotic DNA?

  It is circular and coiled
• What is the role of the capsid in viruses?

  It protects the viral genetic material
• What do viruses lack compared to cells?

  Plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and ribosomes
• How do viruses reproduce?

  By hijacking host cells to replicate
• What is the first step in binary fission?

  The circular DNA and plasmids replicate
• What happens to the DNA during binary fission?

  DNA loops move to opposite poles of the cell
• What is produced at the end of binary fission?

  Two daughter cells
• How do viruses attach to host cells?

  Using attachment proteins that bind to receptors
• What is the maximum resolution of optical microscopes?

  About 0.2 micrometres (µm)