Reproduction

• Asexual reproduction involves the production of offspring without the involvement of gametes or the fusion of genetic material.
• Andromecium is the male part of the flower made up of stamens
• Gynocieum is the female part of the flower which is made up of carpels or pistils.
• A flower which consists of all the four whorls is called a complete flower
• A flower without all whorls is an incomplete flower
• A flower which both male and female parts is a bisexual flower
• A flower with just the male part is a staminate flower
• A flower with just the female part is a pistillate flower
• Necteries secrete nectar
• The four parts of a flower are Calyx, corolla, androcieum, and gynocieum
• Tissue culture is a process of growing new plants from old plants by placing the small plants parts such as tissue in a culture soultion or nutrient medium.
• The tissues during tissue culture develop to form callus, and then plantlets,
• Fission happens in unicellular organisms whereas fragmentation occurs in multicellular organisms
• Insects, water, air, birds, and animals are the agents of pollination
• Angeospermic plants are plants which flower.
• syngamy is: 1 male gamete + 1 female gamete = zygote
• Triple fusion : 1 male gamete + 2 polar nuclei = endosperm (responsible for nutrition of seed)
• Seed contains a swollen structure inside it which stores food and is called Cotyledon.
• Radicle gives rise to roots, and plumule gives rise to shoot
• The process when a seed starts developing into a new plant is called germination.
• The sexual mode of reproduction involves the process of combining of DNA from two different individuals during reproduction which plays an important role in the origin of a new species.
• The genetic variations that arise by sexual reproduction also provide wider adaptability which ensures survival advantage of the offspring.
• The outer layer of pollen grain is called exine
• The inner layer of a pollen grain is called intine
• The placenta is an organ that develops in the uterus during pregnancy. It provides oxygen and nutrients to a growing baby. It also removes waste products from the baby's blood. It attaches to the wall of the uterus, and the baby's umbilical cord arises from it.
• Pollination is the transfer of pollen grains from anther to stigma.
• Puberty is the age at which sex hormones are produced and boys and girls become sexually mature.
• Sexual maturation takes place during puberty
• Scrotum is a sac like scructure, present under the penis. It is a male reproductive part.
• Sperm formation requires lower temperature than the normal body temperature.
• Sperms are tiny bodies with a tail that helps it to move toward the female germ cell.
• Vasa Deferens is the tube that delivers sperm which reunites with the tube coming from the urinary bladder.
• Urethra (in men) is a common passage for both urine and sperm.
• Condoms are used by male which acts as a mechanical barrier so that sperms cannot reach the egg.
• Chemical contraceptive methods are drugs or pills which change the hormal balance of our body so that eggs are not released. They do not have any side effects.
• Copper-T is a device placed inside uterus to prevent pregnancy. It can cause side effects due to irritation in uterus.
• Copulation is sexual intercourse.
• Sexual maturity is when an individual becomes capable of reproduction.
• Ovum is female gamete.
• Fertilization is union of ovum and sperm.