EQ3 and EQ4

• Geopolitical intervention : exercise of a country’s power in order to influence the cause of events outside its borders
• Geopolitical interventions can be made to promote human development and human rights
• geopolitical Interventions can be humanitarian , mutual benefit and self seeking
• self seeking geopolitical interventions : access to resoruces and increase in political influence
• usual benefit geopolitical interventions : military support , strengthening security and stability and trade
• humanitarian geopolitical interventions : protection of human rights , provide aid to least developed countries and support for education and healthcare
• Main types of intervention : development aid , economic support and military support
• bilateral aid - aid that is delivered on a one to one basis between a donor and a recipient country
• example of bilateral aid : US foreign aid in 2022 gave a total value of $70.4 billion
• bilateral aid allows a donor country to pursue its own agenda
• multilateral aid : aid given by donor countries to international organisations . such as Oxfam and world bank
• multilateral aid means the donor country has no control over what international aid organisation does with the money could be more effective than bilateral aid however these NGOs are influenced by the donor countries
• official development assistance (ODA) - used by the OECD as an indicator used to measure the flows of international aid
• the target for the ODA is for 0.7% of GNI to be spent on ODA a year
• Uk as a result of Rishi Sunak it is stated to give 0.5% instead of 0.7% ODA . saving 0.2% . This makes the UK look bad and reduces soft power
• Spending development aid helps to stop less illegal immigration if condition in recipient countries improve
• large economies are less generous and do not meet the 0.7% target each year
• Myanmar is one of the worlds top ODA recipients : receives $3400 million a year this aid has been used in order to protect human rights , ethnic cleaning of the rohingya community
• Tanzania : been provided with $2000 million in 2017 in aid as a result of portion of human rights and the move to a multi party government
• Pakistan in 2017 was the UKs largest recipient with $600 million
• arguments for giving aid to Pakistan : post 9/11 threat of terrorise spreading to Pakistan as it borders Afghanistan , was a former British colony so there may be a sense of du diligence and an aim to slightly decrease Pakistani migration sublimely
• arguments against giving aid to Pakistan : could be going in te work hands as it is bilateral aid , rich Pakistani individuals have ben said to not contribute in taxes
• loan advantages : provides a a source of income fr a country suffering with Ecnomic stability
• disadvantages of loans : receiver countries can enter a downward spiral of increasing debts
• advantages of technical assistance : transfer of expertise , technology and education can act as a multiplier effect allowing for a country to improve in all aspects of development
• technical assistance provides a bottom up approach compared to the top down approach which will allow for a reduction in aid handed out to the wrong people as this type of assistance does not concern large amount of money
• embargo’s and sanctions re bothe restrictions on trade seen seven in Iran and Russia and the man on Chinese microchips in the USA
• Investment into another country can largely be Done with ulterior motives however it can also raise the living standards of education and healthcare in Particular areas
• military aid : consists of money , weapons ad expertise to develop actions in protecting their borders
• ODA can now include military spending if it is to protect human rights some find this controversial
• Arguments fr ODA now including military spending : more nations are able to reinvest this money spent into their own needs
• arguments against the ODA including military spending to protect human rights : change may lead to les money being spent on poverty reduction , tackling violent stresses in terms of developmental and over 90% of militant attacks happen in countries with poor human right
• direct military action : physical air strikes and UAVs (unmanned arial vehicles )
• 2004 USA and UK in coalition of countries who sent troops and carried out air strikes in Iraq against saddam Husain
• indirect military action : provides military and political assistance . seen in 2017 the British personnel were training Nigerian troops to fight against Boko Haram militant group
• sometimes the decision to intervene is supported by the international community but often there is disagreement about whether the intention is genuine
• reasons countries may disagree to intervene in a country : 1. different perspectives or aims 2. whether stated outcomes are likely to be achieved 3. concern over a disregard for national sovereignty 4. possible ulterior motives
• Yemen 2011 : civilians were in favour for the resignation of president Ali , Saudi Arabia intervened and the UK government did aswell
• Yemen 2011 ; Oxfam and amnesty international say Saudi Arabias actions were making human rights worse , the British supplied weapons were they were being used to destroy medical clinics
• national sovereignty - the idea hat each nation as a right to govern itself without interference from other nations