BIOTECH GENETIC MANIPULATION

• Genetic manipulation is the process of inducing changes in gene expression and the expression of novel genes, proven to be an indispensable tool in genetic research

  
• Gene cloning involves the insertion of a fragment of DNA carrying a gene into a cloning vector and subsequent propagation of recombinant DNA molecules into many copies
• Nuclear cloning, or nuclear transfer, involves the introduction of the nucleus from a cell into an enucleated egg cell
• Transgenic organisms have altered genomes and are known as transgenic; most are generated in the laboratory for research purposes
• Transgenic organisms have been developed for commercial purposes, such as food crops like soy and corn that have been genetically modified for pest and herbicide resistance, known as "GMOs" (genetically modified organisms)
• Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are organisms with artificially altered DNA.
• GMOs are also called transgenic organisms, containing functional recombinant DNA.
• Bt corn incorporates bacterial genes that produce their insecticide, protecting the plants from herbivorous insects
• Golden rice is a genetically modified rice that produces beta-carotene, addressing vitamin A deficiency in regions like Africa and Southeast Asia
• Banana vaccines contain a vaccine for hepatitis B and cholera, providing an easy means of delivering vaccines without needles
• Venomous cabbages produce scorpion poison to kill caterpillars but modified to be harmless to humans
• The Flavr Savr tomato was the first commercially grown genetically engineered food, slowing ripening to prevent softening and rotting while retaining natural flavor and color by adding an antisense gene
• Recombinant bovine growth hormone (rBGH) or bovine somatotropin increases milk production in cows by 10-20%
• Oncomouse is a genetically engineered animal to study tumors and cancer
• Transgenic pigs can produce less phosphorus, contain Omega-3 fats, and produce more milk
• Dolly (1996-2023) it took 276 attempts before successful
• Transgenic Organisms are genes of one species can be modified, or genes can be transplanted from one species to another
• Genetic Engineering is made possible by recombinant DNA technology
• Adding a foreign gene: Organisms that are altered in this way are known as transgenic organisms
• Altering the base sequence of an existing gene is Gene Therapy
• Deleting or "Turning off" an existing gene: so they don't produce their proteins
• GloFish: World's First Transgenic Pet
• GloFish: Genes from jellyfish and coral give the GloFish their vivid colors: starfire red, electric green, and sunburst orange
• Transgenic Plants are disease-resistant and insect-resistant crops, hardier fruit, 70-75% of food in supermarket is genetically modified
• Round-up Ready Corn/Soybeans (1996)- introduces genetically modified soybeans that are resistant to Roundup
• Round-up Ready Corn/Soybeans were developed to help farmers control weeds
• Round-up Ready Corn/Soybeans made new crops that are resistant to Roundup, the herbicide can be used in the fields to eliminate unwanted foliage
• From what bacterium do they get the gene for Bt Corn?

  Bacillus thuringiensis
• Bt cotton is a variety of cotton genetically modified to contain a gene (cry1Ac) of Bacillus thuringiensis
• Naturally occurring soil bacterium used to control Lepidopteran insects because of a toxin it produces


  Bacillus thuringiensis
• When an altered form of a virus injected into a banana sapling, the virus' genetic material quickly becomes a permanent part of the plant cells
• Steps in cloning a gene in a bacterial plasmid

  1. isolation of vector and gene-source DNA
  2. insertion of DNA into the vector
  3. introduction of the cloning vector into cells
  4. cloning of cells and foreign genes
  5. identifying cell clones with the right gene
• Used to study human immune system

  Mice
• More resistant to infections

  Chickens
• Increase milk supply and learner meat

  Cows
• Produce human proteins in their milk

  Goats, sheeps, and pigs
• Transgenic animals are used to study diseases and gene functions
• ATryn is the first ever biologic product produced by a genetically engineered goat. it's for patients who have a rare disease known as Antithrombin deficiency
• ATryn is an important and welcome drug to prevent blood clots in patients who lack sufficient Antithrombin
• Spider goat produce spider silk, one of the strongest materials known to man, used for artificial tendons to bulletproof vest