OCHEM

• alkanes are soluble in nonpolar organic solvent.
• Halogenation - replacement of one or more hydrogen atoms in an organic compound by a halogen.
• Cycloalkanes - hydrocarbon that contains saturated carbon atoms.
• incomplete combustion happens when there is insuffecient oxygen
• CnH2n - formula of cycloalkanes
• Angle Stain - creation of abnormal bond angles.
• van der Waals forces become weaker resulting to boiling point decreases.
• in a cis-isomer, the similar substituents are on the same side of the ring
• van de Waals - forces that affect boiling points.
• Chair Conformation - most stable cyclohexane conformation.
• 3 sources of Alkanes - Natural Gas, Petroluem, Crude Oil
• 3 alkanes - Methane, Ethane, Propane
• 4 classification of Carbon Atom - Primary Carbon, Secondary Carbon, Tertiary Carbon, Quaternary Carbon
• Conjugate Acid - when a base accepts a proton.
• Lewis Base - species tthat can form a new covalent bond by bonding a pair of electrons
• Equilibrium - position favors strongest acid and base
• Resonance Effect - delocalization of charge
• Gilbert Lewis - he gave an alternative definition of acids and base using electron transfer
• Svante Arrhenius - he coined the idea that acid is a substance that dissolves in water
• carboxylic acid is a STRONGER acid than alcohol
• Bronsted-Lowry - base is any species that can accept a proton from another molecule
• the lower the pka of an acid the stronger it is.
• ka - quantitative measure of the strength of an acid in solution
• 4 chemists who contributed theories in acid: THOMAS LOWRY, GILBERT LEWIS, SVANTE ARRHENIUS, JOHANNES BRONSTED
• 2 examples of Monobasic Acids: HCl, HNO3
• 2 examples of Dibasic Acid: H2SO4
• 2 examples of Tribasic Acid: H3PO4, H3BO3