AO1

• What was the main aim of the Van IJzendoorn and Kroonenberg study?

  • Investigate cultural variations in attachment
  • Look at proportions of attachment types
  • Use the Strange Situation method
• How many studies did Van IJzendoorn and Kroonenberg examine?

  32 studies
• How many countries were involved in the Van IJzendoorn and Kroonenberg study?

  8 countries
• How many children were included in the Van IJzendoorn and Kroonenberg study?

  1,990 children
• What did Van IJzendoorn and Kroonenberg find about secure attachment across countries?

  Secure attachment was most common in all countries
• What was the range of secure attachment proportions found in the study?

  From 75% in Britain to 50% in China
• What was the difference in insecure-resistant attachment between individualist and collectivist cultures?

  Individualist cultures had under 14% insecure-resistant
• What were the rates of insecure-resistant attachment in collectivist cultures?

  Above 25%
• How did rates of insecure-avoidant attachment differ between individualist and collectivist cultures?

  Lower in collectivist cultures
• What did the Italian study find about attachment types?

  50% secure and 36% insecure-avoidant
• What explanation was suggested for the findings of the Italian study?

  Changes in child-rearing practices
• What did the Korean study find about attachment types?

  Majority were securely attached
• How many babies were classified as insecure-avoidant in the Korean study?

  Only one baby
• What cultural explanation did the Korean study suggest for its findings?

  Similar child-rearing practices in Japan and Korea
• An Italian study. They conducted a study in Italy to see whether proportions of babies of different attachment types matches those found in previous studies. Assessed 76 babies aged 12 months using Strange Situation. 50% were secure, 36% insecure avoidant.
• A Korean study. The strange situation was used to assess 87 babies in Korea. Overall proportions were similar to most countries with most babies being secured. However, more of those classified as insecurely attached were resistant and only one baby was avoidant.