immunology

• Adaptive immunity is the second line of defense against pathogens and develops after exposure to specific pathogens.
• Innate immunity provides immediate protection against pathogens.
• Once a pathogen is detected, the immune system mounts an immune response to eliminate it.
• The immune system is composed of two main components, the innate immune response (non-specific) and adaptive immune response (specific).
• t-lymphocytes activate when connected to specific antigens
• T lymphocytes recognize foreign peptides presented by MHC molecules on the surface of infected host cells.
• Antibodies are produced by B lymphocytes and can bind to antigens on the surface of microorganisms or their products.
• innate immunity doesn't have memory cells and is non-specific
• passive immunity can be natural or artificially acquired, and is when the body is exposed to antibodies from another individual
• DAMPs is a type of cytokine that is released by activated macrophages and neutrophils
• PAMPs is a protein that is recognized by the immune system and triggers an immune response
• PRRs is a type of receptor that recognizes pathogens and triggers an immune response
• external DAMPs are released by immune cells and activate the immune system
• internal DAMPs: cytokines, chemokines, interleukins, interferons
• first line defense of the body is the skin, which is a physical barrier that prevents pathogens from entering the body
• first reaction is inflammation
• innate immunity cells: phagocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells
• adaptive immunity cells: B cells, T cells, NK cells, macrophages
• primary immune system organs are bone marrow and thymus gland
• TLR receptors are found on the surface of cells and are activated by pathogens
• NOD-like receptor (NLR) recognizes bacterial peptidoglycan
• signs of inflammation are redness, swelling, heat, pain, and loss of function
• inflammation mediators are released by macrophages and neutrophils and are released into the bloodstream
• neutrophile emmigration is the movement of neutrophils from the blood into the tissues
• neutrophiles are first adaptive immunity cells that are produced in the bone marrow and are the first to arrive at the site of infection
• neutrophiles take up 70% of leucocytes in the blood
• P selectine connects to L selectine
• in neutrophil fagolizosomes microorganisms are destroyed in two ways: oxygen dependant and non-oxygen dependant wyas
• neutrophile emigration stages: the initial selectin-mediated rolling, adhesion, emigration, chemotaxis
• P selectine can bond to L selectine and form a complex with it.
• in adhesion stage PAF stimulates LFA-1 to bond to ICAM-1 and stops the neutrophil from rolling
• during neutrophil emigration neutrophils are bonded to the wall and changes its form and starts to go through the endothelium
• Chemotaxis happens in the inflammation of the body, where the cells are attracted to the site of injury
• PAMPs and DAMPs activate C3a, C3a, peptide B, CXCL8 and B4 peptides
• macrophages migrate to the inflammation place after neutrophiles
• citokynes stimulate innate and adaptive immunity
• macrophages control inflammation (M1), fagocytose, bring the antigen to T lymphocytes, regulate healing (M2)
• macrophges are phagocytic cells that digest pathogens
• young macrophages are called monocytes and circulate in blood
• macrophages collect neutrophyles to the inflammation, produce cytokines, chemokines and oxygen radicals