surgery

• A wound dehiscence is a separation of the edges of a surgical wound, which can occur due to factors like infection, poor healing, or excessive tension on the wound

  
• Wound dehiscence can lead to infection and other problems, and its treatment typically involves cleaning the wound, debriding any dead tissue, and closing the wound with sutures or staples
• The porous polymer scaffold shown in is designed to be implanted into the body, providing a structure for cells to grow on and promoting tissue regeneration

  
• The scaffold has a porous structure with interconnected pores of about 100 micrometers in diameter, allowing cells to migrate into the scaffold and providing a space for them to grow and proliferate
• In colorectal surgery, laparoscopic procedures are now more common than open techniques
• Vascular surgery has seen an increase in the use of interventional radiology to treat conditions previously managed solely by surgery
• Damage control surgery is increasingly important in trauma management in both civilian and conflict settings
• Patient safety and human factors are highlighted in the chapter on patient safety
• Regulation of medical practice has become tighter in recent years
• The book points out future developments in surgery, such as genome sequencing and robotics
• A porous polymer scaffold is designed to be implanted into the body, providing a structure for cells to grow on and promoting tissue regeneration
• Yeast cells with budding are depicted in

  
• The image shows a leg wound being debrided

  
• The image depicts a pressure ulcer

  
• Basal Cell Carcinoma is shown in an image

  
• The image shows acid-fast bacilli

  
• A leg wound being debrided involves the removal of damaged, infected, or dead tissue to promote healing
• Basal Cell Carcinoma is a type of skin cancer that begins in the basal cells
• Yeast cells with budding are a form of asexual reproduction in yeast
• Acid-fast bacilli are a group of bacteria that resist decolorization by acids during staining procedures
• A pressure ulcer, also known as a bedsore, is an injury to the skin and underlying tissue resulting from prolonged pressure on the skin
• Freud's superego is the moral component of the psyche, representing internalized societal values and standards
• Plucking in glacial erosion is when meltwater from glaciers freeze around broken or cracked parts of rock, breaking it off from the bedrock or sides as the ice moves down the slope
• Abrasion in glacial erosion is a sandpapering effect caused by small rocks embedded within the glacier rubbing on bedrock, leaving a smooth surface with scratches called striations
• Attachment is a strong reciprocal emotional bond between an infant and a primary caregiver
• Schaffer and Emerson's 1964 study on attachment aimed to identify stages of attachment and find a pattern in the development of attachment between infants and parents
• Hypatia of Alexandria was a Greek Neoplatonic philosopher, mathematician, and astronomer who was killed by a mob of Christians in 415 AD

  
• Chapter 72, The vermiform appendix, contains material revised and updated by the current author from 'The vermiform appendix' by P. Ronan O'Connell
• Chapter 73, The rectum, contains material revised and updated by the current author from 'The rectum' by Sue Clark
• Homeostasis is the foundation of normal physiology
• 'Stress-free' perioperative care helps preserve homeostasis following elective surgery
• Resuscitation, surgical intervention, and critical care can return the severely injured patient to a situation where homeostasis becomes possible again
• The response to injury is graded: the more severe the injury, the greater the response, which applies to physiological/metabolic changes and immunological changes
• Following elective surgery of intermediate severity, there may be a transient and modest rise in temperature, heart rate, respiratory rate, energy expenditure, and peripheral white cell count
• Following major trauma/sepsis, changes are accentuated, resulting in a systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), hypermetabolism, marked catabolism, shock, and even multiple organ dysfunction (MODS)
• Genetic variability plays a key role in determining the intensity of the inflammatory response
• The metabolic response to injury evolves with time, transitioning from a proinflammatory state to a compensatory anti-inflammatory response syndrome (CARS)
• The classical neuroendocrine pathways of the stress response involve afferent nociceptive neurons, the spinal cord, thalamus, hypothalamus, and pituitary
• Corticotrophin-releasing factor (CRF) released from the hypothalamus increases adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) release from the anterior pituitary, which acts on the adrenals to increase cortisol secretion
• Hypothalamic activation of the sympathetic nervous system causes release of adrenaline and stimulates glucagon release