ethnicity

• what are the 3 external factors that affect ethnic minorities in educational achievement?

  • cultural deprivation
  • material deprivation
  • racism in wider society
• what are the 4 internal factors that affect ethnic minorities in educational achievement?

  • labelling
  • pupil subcultures
  • ethnocentricity
  • institutional racism
• What is Bereiter and Engelmann’s theory of ethnic cultural deprivation?

  they say language from low-income black families is ungrammatical and disjointed and so their children cannot express abstract ideas meaning there is a barrier in education success.
• What does the swann report say about ethnic cultural deprivation?

  it says language is not a major factor in under achievement, Indian students do well despite not often speaking english at home.
• What does (New Right) Murray’s theory suggest about ethnic cultural deprivation?


  Murray suggests that lone parenthood and lack of positive male role models lead to a underachievement including a lack in male role models meaning that afro-caribbean boys are encouraged to turn to an anti-educational macho ‘gang culture’
• How does Connor criticise Murrays theory?

  Connor shows that ethnic minorities hold greater value on education than white families.
• What is immediate gratification?


  where students are less motivated to continue further education if they have a job because they are receiving money there and then so they are not to bothered about the future
• Black children are not very motivated as they are socialised to focus on immediate gratification
• What is Sewell's theory to criticise immediate gratification?

  Sewell found that only a minority of African-Carribean boys were anti-school
• What is Moynihan's theory on cultural deprivation?

  His theory suggests how not having a male role model in black matrifocal lone parent families (single mothers) produces inadequately socialised children who fail and become inadequate parents themselves reproducing poverty.
• What's Pryce's theory on cultural deprivation?

  The theory suggests that black Caribbean culture is less resistant to racism due to the experience of slavery, many black pupils have low self-esteem and under-achieve
• What does Sewell argue about Chinese Indian pupils?

  That they benefit from supportive families with an 'Asian work ethic' contrasting this with black lone-parent families.
• Sewell theorises how a lack of a nurturing father figure can lead to black boys underachieving. Street gangs can offer love and loyalty, peer pressure means that speaking English and doing well academically means 'selling out' friends.
• What is compensatory education?

  An educational policy that aims to stop the effects of cultural deprivation on educational achievement.
• What are the two types of compensatory education?

  Operation headstart (US)- to compensate children for the cultural deficit they suffer because of deprived backgrounds.

  Sure start (UK)- aims to support the development of pre-school children in deprived areas.
• What is Keddie's criticism of cultural deprivation?

  Victim blaming shows how those from an ethnic background are different and not deprived and they underachieve due to the way that education is ethnocentric favouring white culture.
• What's Ball's criticism on cultural deprivation?

  How parents from ethnic minorities are at a disadvantage due to not knowing how to negotiate the British education system. 'cultural exclusion' rather than cultural deprivation.
• What is Gerwitz's criticisms on cultural deprivation?

  The three parental choosers shows how ethnic minorities are marginalised (alienated) and disadvantaged.
• Cultural domination shows how white middle-class culture is imposed within education.
• External facts about material deprivation and class.

  • Half of ethnic minority children live in low-income households.
  • Ethnic minorities are almost twice as likely to be unemployed.
  • Minorities face discrimination in the housing and labour markets.
• Racism in wider society- members of ethnic minorities face direct and indirect racism daily at work and in the housing market. Due to this, they are more likely to have low pay or unemployed which then affects their children's educational opportunities. Racism can lead to material deprivation.
• Negative racist labels mean that teachers treat ethnic minorities differently due to the the self-fulfilling prophecy leads to underachievement.
• What is Gillborn and Mirza's theory on labelling?


  Black children in a primary school were the highest achievers but when they got to GCSE they dropped below average. This would suggest schooling is to blame, not background.
• What is Gillborn and Youdell's theory on labelling?

  'racialised expectations' means that black students are more likely to be disciplined and their behaviour was viewed as threatening. They were more likely to be punished than white students, as the teachers underestimated their ability and picked on them.
• What is Gillborn and Youdell's theory on labelling?

  Conflict between white teachers and black students stems from racist stereotypes that teachers have rather than the student's behaviour which leads to underachievement. Due to higher levels of exclusion and being placed into lower sets for black pupils.
• Gillborn and Youdell's theory might be interpreting behaviour as problematic due to stereotyping and not that the students were not just generally misbehaving.
• What's Wright's theory on labelling?

  Asian students were labelled with having poor English, mispronunciation to their names, seen as a problem and were often marginalised affecting their self-esteem.
• Not all students will take on the label as some use the label in determination to do better and succeed (self-refuting prophecy). Fuller, Mac and Ghaill's studies show how the theories are too deterministic.
• Sewell found that black boys had many responses such as rebellious and anti-school subcultures due to labelling.
• What are the four pupil subcultures?

  • Conformists- largest group (pro-school and education)
  • Innovators- Second largest (anti-school and pro-education)
  • Retreatists- tiny minority ( disconnected from both) (own people)
  • Rebels- small but highly visible (reject school and comfort to the 'black macho lad stereotype')
• Institutional racism leads to labelling and pupil subcultures, institutional racism leads to a lack in opportunities and underachievement in ethnic minorities. This is done unconsciously; it is not the intentions of the teacher

  
  

  examples- selection and segregation, assessment, opportunities, the new IQism.
• what is Troyna and williams theory on the ethnocentric curriculum?

  That is prioritises white culture and English language
• What is David's theory on the ethnocentric curriculum?

  That the national curriculum is 'specifically British'
• What is Ball's theory on the ethnocentric curriculum?


  That history is based on England's side of things to show how great they are supposedly but ignores other cultures and sides of things.

  This makes ethnic minorities feel as though they are not valued within society lowering self-esteem and also reinforcing institutional racism for future generations.