STAS

• Charles Darwin's theory included the concept of the use or disuse of organs, gaining or losing traits over time, and passing traits on to the next generation
• Charles Darwin began a 5-year voyage on the HMS Beagle in 1831 that changed his life
• Science


  • Deals with the natural world
  • Concerned with WHAT IS (exist) in the natural world
  • Focuses on Research
  • Discovering natural phenomena (knowledge)
• Technology


  • Deals with how humans modify, change, alter or control the natural world
  • Concerned with what can be or should be designed, made or developed from the natural world and substances to satisfy human needs and wants
  • Focuses on Development and Innovation
  • Inventing new or better tools and materials
• Applied Research involves the practical application of knowledge and intervention
• Research is a process of acquiring new knowledge
• Sumerian Civilization invented the seed plow, sailboat, and the concept of the ziggurats
• Mission-Oriented Research involves accomplishing a particular mission or technological objective
• “WE”


  • Like mindedness
  • Implications of diversity
  • Interdependence
  • Cooperation
• Types of Research

  • Fundamental/Basic Research
  • Applied Research
  • Mission-Oriented Research
• The Egyptian Civilization used hieroglyphics for writing and had calendars based on celestial observations
• Evolution of Societies

  • Hunter and Gatherer Societies
  • Shifting and Farming
  • Agricultural and Mining Societies
  • Manufacturing and Processing Societies
  • Synthesizing and Recycling Societies
• Historical Antecedent

  • Ancient Times
  • Sumerian
  • Babylonian
  • Egyptian
  • Greek
  • Roman
  • Arabic
  • Chinese
  • Indus-Hindus
  • Persian
• Sumerian Civilization used the sexagesimal system for counting and place notation
• The ancient Egyptians had knowledge of human anatomy, physiology, and medical plants
• Nebuchadnezzar ordered the construction of the Hanging Gardens of Babylon and the Ishtar Gate
• The Babylonian Civilization adopted the Sumerian sexagesimal system, ziggurats, and cuneiform
• Library of Alexandria
• Obelisks and pillars
• Pyramid of Sakkara


  • Zoser’s tomb and memorial
• Archimedes discovered the concept of gravity
• One major contribution of the Romans was the newspaper Gazettes containing announcements of the Roman Empire to the people
• Ancient Greeks transitioned from the Bronze Age to the Iron Age and designed mathematical models and mechanical systems to explain planetary motions and positions
• Archimedes performed experiments leading to the discovery of the laws of lever and the pulley, invented hydrostatics, and demonstrated the movements of the sun and planets using a planetarium powered by water
• Egyptians used rope trusses to stiffen the beam of ships
• Ancient Greeks invented the alarm clock and watermills, which were important contributions to the world
• Pyramid of Khufu or Cheofs

  • Great sphinx, a stone statue with a king’s head and a lion’s body to guard the pharaoh’s tomb
• From the Hyksos, Egyptians learned military technology and system, including horse-driven light war chariots manned by warriors armed with bows, bronze swords, and lances
• Greek civilization is known as the birthplace of western philosophy and made major achievements in philosophy and mathematics
• Outstanding contributions of the Chinese civilization include the invention of gunpowder, magnetic needle in compass, coal as fuel, water wheel, wheelbarrow, flexible bamboo pole, copper coinage, wallpaper, and porcelain
• Arabic/Islamic Civilization contributions

  • Synthesis of scientific and technological knowledge
  • Introducing the Arabic system of numbers
  • Interest in alchemy
  • Use of glass lens for magnification
  • Manufacturing black powder and the first gun
  • Producing the first gun using black powder
• Ancient Roman Empire achievements

  • Producing the first books or codex
  • Introducing the Roman numeral
  • Constructing the Pantheon and Colosseum
  • Implementing major projects like large churches, aqueducts, amphitheaters, and residential houses
  • Describing the odometer
  • Dedicating Olympics to the Olympian Gods
• Indus-Hindu Civilization accomplishments

  • Construction layout of cities with water wells, bathrooms, and drains
  • Excelling in medicine and mathematics
  • Extensive pharmacopoeia and herbal remedies
  • Successful surgical operations
  • Introduction of negative and positive quantities, square and cube roots, quadratic equations
• Oracle Bone was the first known Chinese writing discovered incised on flat shoulder bones of cattle or on tortoise shells
• Vitruvius first described the odometer as being used for measuring distance around 27BC, but evidence points towards Archimedes of Syracuse as its inventor
• Chinese Civilization achievements

  • Oldest civilization in Asia
  • Known as the middle kingdom
  • Technology of silk production
  • Creation of magnificent bronze vessels
  • Invention of chopsticks
  • Inventing the escapement for clocks
  • Construction of the Great Wall of China and the great palace of the first emperor
  • Advanced systems of pharmacology and acupuncture
  • Invention of toilet paper
  • Development of calligraphy, watercolor painting, and block printing
  • Tea production
• The Iron pillar of Delhi is the world's first iron pillar
• Persian Civilization introduced a uniform system of gold and silver coinage
• Indian surgeons introduced

  • Negative and positive quantities, square and cube roots, quadratic equations, mathematical implications of zero and infinity, and value of pi up to nine decimal places
• Medieval Times is generally known as the period between Ancient Times and Modern Times, divided into the Dark Ages and the High Middle Ages