Lesson 1-3 reviewer ko

• Methods of Character Portrayal

  1. Direct Method

  2. Indirect Method

  3. By action

  4. By word

  5. By thought

  6. By physical appearance

  7. By what others say

  8. By juxtaposition with other characters
• Other Literary Terminologies

  • Folklore
  • Folktales
  • Electronic book (e-book)
  • Blog
  • Dissertation
  • Thesis
  • Folk Song
  • Folk Speech
• Theme


  1. Refers to the meaning of the story or the central idea

  2. Guide to Stating the Theme: Title, Resolution of the conflict, Implicit discovery by the reader, Symbolic elements
• Literature

  • Derived from the Latin word “literal,” meaning letter
  • Connected to the thoughts and expressions of people
• Types of Prose

  • Novel
  • Short Story
  • Plays
  • Legends
  • Fables
  • Anecdotes
  • Essay
  • Biography
  • News
  • Oration
  • Fairy Tales
  • Parables
• Poetic Devices

  1. Tone (Poetic Voice)

  2. Alliteration

  3. Assonance

  4. Meter

  5. Figures of Speech
• Tone


  Attitudes taken by the writer toward ideas or the work
• Types of Poetry

  • Narrative Poetry (epic, metrical tale, ballads)
  • Lyric Poetry (folksong, sonnets, elegy, ode, psalm)
  • Dramatic Poetry (comedy, melodrama, tragedy, farce, social poems, riddles, proverbs)
• Plot

  1. Introduction (exposition)

  2. Beginning of the Action (complication)

  3. Middle of the Action (continuation of the complication)

  4. End of the Action (resolution or denouement)

  5. Conclusion (aftermath)
• Point of View

  1. First person

  2. First-person observer

  3. Omniscient

  4. Third person

  5. Composite
• Setting


  1. Refers to the time, physical, and social locality in which the story occurs

  2. Principal Functions: Gives immediacy to the story, Lends atmosphere, Directly contributes to the meaning of the story
• Types of Literature

  • Prose
  • Poetry
• Irony

  1. Verbal Irony

  2. Dramatic Irony

  3. Situational Irony
• Unit 1: Lesson 1 - Pre-Colonial Literature


  1. Philippine literature traces back to pre-colonial times when ethnic cultures emerged with diversified beliefs, values, and customs

  2. Oral transmission was primary means of communication and preservation

  3. Literary forms included riddles, proverbs, epics, myths, legends, fables, songs, and lullabies
• Epics


  • Chanted or sung during multiple occasions, featured local heroes taking on various adventures
• Complimentary verses in religious lyric poems were intended to attract readers and teach the Spanish language to Filipinos
• Legends


  • Explain the origin of things in the universe, appear to have basis in real life
• Various dramatic forms introduced by the Spaniards enriched Philippine theater, including sarswela, sinakulo, and komedya
• Myths


  • Served to explain the creation of the world, origin of plants and animals, and natural phenomena
• Proverbs


  • Intended to teach values and represent a particular culture's codes of behavior and beliefs
• Riddle


  Relied on talinghaga or metaphor - a guessing game of objects represented by other objects
• Songs


  • Abounded in pre-colonial literature, including courtship songs, serenades, and lyrics for unrequited love
• Literature may be traced back to the pre-colonial times
• Forms of pre-colonial literature

  • Oral transmission, Riddle, Proverbs, Epics, Myths, Legends, Fables, Songs, Lullabies
• English language brought by American colonizers led to the exploration of new styles and genres of writing in Philippine literature during the American Period
• Lullabies


  • Existed to put infants at ease
• Lamentations in pre-colonial literature

  • Kanogon (Cebuano), Ibi (Kalinga)
• Various songs in pre-colonial literature

  • Rowing song (Tagalog soliranin), Rice pounding song (Kalinga mambayu), Pot making song (Ilocano mannamili), Bee hunting song (Manobo manganinay), Drinking songs (Waray tagay)
• Fables


  • Short tales that usually highlight animals and are didactic, meant to teach lessons
• Metrical romances like korido and awit were popular forms of secular poetry during the Spanish Period
• Dr. Jose Rizal was the most influential late 19th-century writer, known for works like "Mi Ultimo Adios" and political novels Noli Me Tangere and El Felibusterismo
• Religious themes continued to dominate literature during the Spanish Period
• Meditative verses were found in novenas and catechisms
• The first book printed in the Philippines, Doctrina Christiana, was published


  1593
• The pasyon, a narrative poetry work, endured the test of time and is recited by devout Catholics during the Lenten Season
• Religious traditions were reflected in Philippine literature from the 17th to 19th century
• Spanish culture deeply infiltrated Philippine culture after three centuries of colonization, transforming literature during the Spanish Period
• Secular literature was rich during Spanish colonization, with the rise of the middle class paving the way for new literary paradigms
• Elements of a play

  • Plot, Characters, Setting, Dialogue, Theme, Conflict, Symbolism, Stage Directions, Structure, Genre
• Transition from Spanish colonization to American control began in 1898, marking a new chapter in Philippine literature