psych 2nf3 test 2

• The Trigeminal nerve (CN V) gathers sensory input in the face and motor input for muscles when chewing. Tested by putting a light touch of an object to the patients face to test if they can feel the sensation
• 3 sensory branches of the trigeminal nerve:

  ophthalmic (eyes)

  maxillary (upper jaw)

  mandibular (lower jaw).
• to test motor supply:

  1)patient clenches teeth (changes how muscles feel)

  2) observe the change and feeling how the bulk of the masseter and temporalis muscles change when clenched

  3) if the chin is tapped there will be a slight movement in jaw as a reflex

  
• the facial nerve (CN VII)

  motor inout branches to facial muscles and movement
• The Vestibulocochlear (Hearing) nerve (CN VIII)

  Rinne (ˈrin- ə-) test has 2 steps

  1. ringing tuning fork is places by the mastoid processer
  2. fork is places by ear and asked which is louder

  second position is Louder in Healthy ears
• Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)

  Provides sensory supply to the palate (roof of mouth)

  • touch the arch of the pharanx to see if a gag reflex happens
  • sensory = touch
• the vagus nerve (CN X)

  • gives motor supply to the pharyns
  • asking patient to speak
  • motor= speech
• Accessory nerve (CN XI)

  • gives motor supply to the sternocleidomastoid muscles
  • to test it: push head against resistance

  
• Accessory nerve (CN XI)

  • gives Motor supply to the trapezius muscles
  • to test: patient shrugs shoulder against resistance

  
• Hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)

  • patient sticks out tongue
  • if tongue deviates to a side = muscle is weak
• cerebral angiogram

  • examine blood vesicles in head, brain and back of neck
  • catheter inserted into groin area in the femerol artery
  • femoral artery is a direct pathway to vesicles in the head and neck
  • looking for leaking/ smth blocking movement

  
• aneurysm

  • bulge or weakest in blood vesicle that fills up with blood
  • if not treated it can rupture and cause internal bleeding
• lumbar puncture (used for aneurysm)

  • asses CSF through opening pressure
  • looks at protien, glucose, cultures and cytology
• opening pressure gives u info abiut fluid in blood vescles

  • looking at valves can tell u if theres a viral/ bacterial infection
  • Tebercular = bacterial infection in lungs
• brain mappers

  • used to stimulate a specific region of the brain
  • then correlate the activation to brain areas
• allen institute makes the tools that the whole scientific community can use
• neuro anatomy

  • what diff parts of the brain do
  • when u point to a specific part of the brain, u know what it does
• guyrus (bump) and sulcus (dent)

  
• blue line= cutting off section of brain

  
• dorsal= ontop

  ventral = bottom

  
• ipsi lateral

  =

  same side

  
• contra lateral

  =

  opp sides

  used when its diff structures on opp side

  
• bilateral

  = same thing as contralateral (opp sides)

  but bilateral = same thing on 2 sides

  
• proximal

  = structures close together

  
• cerebral security = protects brain and spinal cord
• brain is inside a thick bone (skull) and the spinal cord is inside a series of interlocking bones

  • added layer of protection ontop of important tissiue
• cerebral security

  1. dura matter: tough, double layer tissue that covers brain like a loose sack
  2. arachnoid membrarne: thin sheet of tissiue that follows the contours of the brain
  3. pia matter: inneer matter, tough tissiue that sticks to the surface of the brain

  
• CSF in brain and spinal cord but also brain. it protects brain from shock.

  • CSF is located in the 4 ventricles in the brain, spinal cord and subarachnoid space
• brain and spinal cord are cushioned from shock by the CSF that circulates in each ventricle

  
• lateral view shows difference btwn major land marks

  • shows how its all connected
  • posterior horn = back of the brain
  • cerebral aqueduct = connects ventricles
  • lateral ventricle = x2

  
• blood vescles in CSN are more tightly packed than blood vescles in a different area

  • tighter= block the passage of oxygen and glucose 


  brain = active organ

  • always doing activity
  • relies on oxygen and glucose for activity to happen

  
• circle of willis

  artery= moves blood away from heart. rich oxygenated blood that goes from heart to brain

  • artieries that join together in circle
  • supplies oxygenated blood and blood w glucose at the base of the brain
  • apart of cerebral security bc if theres a problem w one arterie theres three more to help
• steps of the circle of willis

  1. brain gets blood supply from 2 internal cateroid arteries (inside body/ away from face )
  2. brain also gets blood supply from 2 vertebral arteries that go up each side of neck
  3. the 4 arteries connect at base of neck (circle of willis)
  4. cerebral arteries then branch off into smaller arteries that supply the brainstem and cerebellum and help the 3 arteries that supply the forebrain 


  .

  
• lots of blood movement

  
• CNS= brain and spinal cord

  SNS= cranial/ spinal nerves. ctrls sensory and muscle

  ANS= sympathetic (fight/ flight) and parasympathetic (rest / digest)

  
• cranial nerves

  • nerve is a fiber pathway that enters and leaves CNS
  • sensory info assessed when looking at health of cranial nerves
  • spinal nerves collect/ pass info to rest of thr body
• sensory endings

  • stepping on sharp object is a reflexive movement at lvl of spinal cord
  • no time for brain to think. Instantly react
  • spinal cord mediates responses that dont make it up to the brain (require quick response)
• • incoming info being processed= sensory/ afferent info
  • info away from brain= motor/ efferent

  
• spinal cord is a continuation of the brainstem. it is protected b the vertebral column of the spine

  • spinal nerve comes in pairs and there is 31 total
• dermatome is the area of skin that gets supplied by a single spinal nerve

  • if u have symptoms un a specific skin area, it means there is a dermatome issue in that verve route
  • different points on body connected to different segments of spinal cord