non-fatal offences

• assault AR

  an act causing the victim apprehend immediate unlawful force

  words and actions (Logdon v dpp)

  words alone (Constanza)

  silence (ireland)

  apprehend - no apprehension = no assault (lamb)

  words can negate an assault (tuberville v savage)

  immediate - broad interpretation of imminent future (smith v cc working police)
• assault MR

  intentional or recklessly causing v to apprehend immediate unlawful force (Spratt)

  intentional - d's main aim (Mohan)

  reckless - saw risk and carried on (Cunningham)
• battery AR

  the application of unlawful force

  slightest touch - (collins v wilcock)

  touching clothes - (Thomas)

  indirectly - (dpp v k)

  omission - (santana-bermudez)
• battery MR

  intentionally or recklessly applying unlawful force (venna)

  intent - (Mohan)

  recklessness - (Cunningham)
• s.47

  assault occasioning actual bodily harm
• s.47 abh MR

  an assault occasioning actual bodily harm

  actual - more than trivial hurt (chan fook)

  any injury that interferes with v's comfort (miller)

  bodily - cutting hair (smith Michael)

  psychological injury (chan fook)
• s.47 abh MR

  only need MR for initial assault or battery (savage)
• s.20

  wounding/inflicting grievous bodily harm
• s.20 AR

  wound - break both layers of the skin resulting in blood (Eisenhower)

  inflict grievous bodily harm - 'grievous means really serious' (DPP v smith)
• multiple ABH type injuries can amount to GBH


  (brown v stratton)
• s.20 MR

  intention or reckless as to some physical harm (Mowatt)

  if D seeks no intention, charged for s.47 (Parmenter)
• s.18

  wounding/causing GBH with intent
• s.18 AR

  wound or cause GBH
• s.18 MR

  intention to cause GBH (Belfon)

  intention to resist arrest (Morrison)

  must be d's direct aim (Mohan)