UTS Reviewer

• Differences in human and animal learning processes

  • Language and Symbolic Representation: Humans have a unique ability for language
  • Abstract Thinking: Humans can learn and apply abstract concepts
  • Self-Regulation: Humans have a higher degree of self-regulation and metacognition
• The ability to learn is possessed by humans, animals, and some machines; there is also evidence for some kind of learning in certain plants
• Three major processes in memory

  • Encoding: Initial process of converting sensory input into a form that can be stored
  • Storage: Process of maintaining encoded information over time
  • Retrieval: Process of bringing stored information back into conscious awareness
• Learning


  The process of acquiring new understanding, knowledge, behaviors, skills, values, attitudes, and preferences
• Similarities in human and animal learning processes

  • Trial and Error: Both engage in trial-and-error learning to discover the consequences of their actions
  • Observational Learning: Both can learn by observing others
• Memory refers to the psychological processes of acquiring, storing, retaining, and later retrieving information
• Metacognition and other study strategies

  • Goal Setting: Setting SMART goals for learning
  • Planning and Organization: Developing a study plan
  • Practice Testing: Recognizing the value of self-testing
  • Note-Taking: Reflecting on the importance of key points and organizing information
• Edwin Locke's goal-setting Theory:

  Researcher Edwin Locke found that individuals who set specific, challenging goals resulted in higher performance over 90% of the time, than those who set general, easy goals.
• M

  Measurable and Motivating
• R


  Relevant
• S


  Specific
• In their joint publication "A Theory of Goal Setting & Task Performance" in 1990, Locke and Latham identified five basic principles of goal-setting: clarity, challenge, commitment, feedback, and task complexity
• A


  Attainable
• T


  Trackable and Time-Bound
• Success

  • The Accomplishment of one's goals.
• Goal

  • is something you want to achieve.
• Failure

  • can be an unpleasant and unwanted experience.
• Emotional intelligence is a person’s ability to understand their own emotions, the emotions of others, and to act appropriately using these emotions
• Intelligence is the ability to learn or understand or to deal with new or trying situations. It involves reasoning, problem-solving ability, knowledge, memory, and successful adaptation to one’s surroundings
• Stress is a common condition where changes in the normal balanced state are experienced
• Emotions come from the Latin word "emovere" meaning "to move out", they are spontaneous responses to stimuli causing anger, sadness, happiness, and fear
• Stress is defined as a state of extreme difficulty, pressure, or strain, a response to pressures from the external environment, unpleasant as it puts the mind and body in a threatened or challenged state
• Stressor is any event or stimulus causing an individual to experience stress, examples include illness in the family, loss of loved ones, quitting
• Stressor


  Any event or stimulus that causes an individual to experience stress
• Types of Stress

  • Positve Stress or Eustress is what energizes us and motivates us to make a change. It gives us a postive outlook and makes us capable of overcoming obstacles and sickness.
  • Negative Stress or Distress causes not only pain in the mind but also in the body as it makes the individual literally sick. This may be the stressor bringing about the feeling of “emptiness”, helplessness and hopelessness.
• Stress


  A common condition in which a person experiences changes in a normal balanced state
• Healthy Ways to Cope with Stress

  1. Take breaks from news stories, including social media

  2. Eat healthy, exercise, get plenty of sleep, and give yourself a break if stressed

  3. Make time to unwind and do activities you enjoy

  4. Talk to others about concerns and feelings

  5. Connect with community or faith-based organizations

  6. Avoid drugs and alcohol

  7. Recognize when more help is needed
• Component of Emotional Intelligence:

  1. Intrapersonal
  2. Interpersonal
  3. Adaptability
  4. Stress Management
  5. General Mood
• "Depression" is a mood disorder that causes a persistent feeling of sadness and loss of interest. Also called major depressive disorder or clinical depression, it affects how you feel, think and behave and can lead to a variety of emotional and physical problems
• "Languishing" describes low mental well-being in the absence of a diagnosable mental health condition. It can be hard to identify but experts say that languishing could be a risk factor for mental health conditions like major depression later in life
• "Anxiety" is a feeling of fear, dread, and uneasiness. It might cause you to sweat, feel restless and tense, and have a rapid heartbeat. It can be a normal reaction to stress. For example, you might feel anxious when faced with a difficult problem at work, before taking a test, or before making an important decision
• To deal with negative emotions

  1. Acknowledge and Acceptance: Recognize and accept your emotions without judgment

  2. Identify Triggers: Understand what triggered the negative emotions to address underlying issues

  3. Express Yourself: Share your feelings with someone you trust or write them down to process them

  4. Self-Compassion: Be kind to yourself; understand that everyone experiences negative emotions

  5. Mindfulness: Practice mindfulness to stay present and observe your thoughts without attachment

  6. Healthy Outlets: Engage in activities you enjoy or find relaxing to channel your emotions positively

  7. Seek Support: Talk to friends, family, or a professional for guidance and support
• Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs


  Each demand is represented by a different level of a pyramid, with the most fundamental needs at the lowest level and self-actualization and self-esteem at the higher levels
• Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

  • Physiological Needs
  • Safety Needs
  • Love and Belongingness Need
  • Esteem Needs
  • Self-Actualization Needs
• Examples of Physiological Needs

  • Air
  • Food
  • Water
  • Shelter
  • Clothing
  • Warmth
  • Sleep
  • Health
  • Reproduction
• Physiological needs are the most basic and important needs for human survival according to Maslow's hierarchy of needs
• In Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, safety needs refer to the second level of the pyramid, focusing on safety and security once physiological needs are met
• Abraham Maslow was an American psychologist and philosopher born in New York City on April 1, 1908, and passed away in Menlo Park, California, on June 8, 1970
• Self-esteem


  The overall opinion and evaluation you have about yourself. It involves your beliefs about your abilities, worth, and how you perceive your place in the world. Healthy self-esteem is crucial for mental well-being and positive life experiences
• Self-actualization is at the top of Maslow's hierarchy of needs. This need refers to the desire to reach our full potential. According to Maslow, this need can only be met once all of the other needs are satisfied. Thus, it comes after physiological needs, safety needs, the need for love and belonging, and esteem needs