Normans

• When did King Cnut die?

  1035
• Who was Edward the Confessor's mother?

  Emma of Normandy
• When did King Ethelred die?

  1016
• Who attacked Northern France and when?

  911 - Rollo
• Who was Emma of Normandy's brother?

  Duke Richard II of Normandy
• When did Alfred and Edward return to England?

  1040
• When did Harthacnut die?

  1042
• How old was William when he inherited Normandy?

  7 years old.
• How was William related to Edward the Confessor?

  Distant cousins
• When did William conquer Maine and Sicily?

  Early 1060s
• What does sub-regulus mean?

  Deputy King
• What does Post Obitum mean?

  After Death - The nomination of who should be King.
• What does Novissima Verba mean?

  King naming an heir on his deathbed.
• When did King Edward the Confessor die?

  5th January 1066
• What was the Papal Banner?

  Formal support given by the Pope to a King.
• When did William claim he was promised the throne by Edward the Confessor?

  1051
• Who were the Four Rivals for the Throne?

  • Edgar the Outlaw
  • Harold Godwinson
  • Harald Hardrada
  • William Duke of Normandy
• When was the Battle of Fulford Gate and what was this?

  20th September 1066

  Edwin and Morcar and around 3,500 members of the English northern army.

  7,000 Viking soldiers involved but only a few turned up first meaning that the English had the advantage.

  As the battle continued more Viking troops turned up and they eventually overwhelmed the Anglo-Saxons.

  Hardrada and the Vikings won but both sides suffered losses.

  Edwin and Morcar forced to flee.

  Northern army was disorganised.
• When was the Battle of Stamford Bridge and what was this?

  25th September 1066

  Viking invasion meant that King Harold had to move quickly to deal with it, gathering forces as he went.

  Journey was 190 miles which was covered in 4 days and King Harold reached York on the 24th.

  Anglo-Saxons had the element of surprise on the Vikings and were camped on the other side of the river and had not defended the bridge properly.

  Hardrada and Tostig were both killed but King Harold's victory was short lived.
• Harold Godwinson's Army:

  • 7,000 Fyrd (peasant soldiers)
  • 2,500 Housecarls (fully trained soldiers) + Thegns (owned land but wasn't a noble)
  • Shield Wall formation - Interlocking the round shields to prevent enemy soldiers from penetrating the line.
  • Had the advantageous position at the top of Senlac Hill
  • Had just travelled 280 miles in 17 days
  • Chose not to wait for the 30,000 reinforcements, exhausted army
• William of Normandy's Army:

  • 7,000 Mercenary soldiers (well-trained)
  • 2,000 Knights (soldiers on horseback)
  • Archers, Foots soldiers (infantry) and Knights
  • Troops in organised divisions to ensure communication
  • Arrived first and chose the base of Senlac Hill
  • Burned villages and made a castle
  • Had several days to rest and prepare for battle and William had plenty of supplies to keep them going.
• Norman Conquest of Wales: Military Tactics

  • 25% of Wales is above 1000ft
  • Mountainous
  • Difficult to move around
• Norman Conquest of Wales: Economic Control

  • New towns = New markets
  • Economy increases
  • Marcher Lords pay no tax to the King
  • Marcher Lords invest in Castles
• Norman Conquest of Wales: Marcher Lords

  • Granted autonomy through the 'Law of the Marches'
  • Created a buffer zone between England and Wales
  • Had power to build there own castles
  • Friction between them and the King
• Norman Conquest of Wales: Castles

  • Near towns, High ground and Water (Natural Moat)
  • Access to natural resources and to have natural defences
  • High enough to see attackers approaching
  • Designed to protect the Normans from English and Welsh rebels
  • Near troublesome border regions
• Chepstow Castle:

  • Built in 1067
  • Steep cliff on one side - Only defending 3 sides
  • Controls the river Wye
  • Owned by Marcher Lord - William FitsOsberne
  • Intimidate locals with the size
• Cardiff Castle:

  • Built in 1081
  • Motte - Steep to repel attackers
  • Intimidate locals with size
• Norman Conquest of Wales:

  
• Where was William FitsOsberne the Marcher Lord of?

  Hereford
• William's claim to Wales:

  • None
  • Conquest through Norman Lords
• William's legitimate claim to England:

  • Distant cousins of Edward the Confessor
  • Edward's promise
• Why was Wales difficult to control?

  Geography and Chaotic politics
• Who was Gruffydd ap Llywellyn?


  Welsh King who raided along the England border and joined the North and South of Wales.
• What were William's problems with Llywellyn?

  Dealing with rebellions and securing the Welsh border
• What is Monasticism?

  Devoting your life for a religion in the Church and living in a Monastery.
• What were vows of St Benedict?

  Poverty, Chastity, Obedience, Stability.

  Created in order to help monks lead a more religious life.
• When was the Battle of Hastings?

  14th October 1066
• Features of Norman Castles:

  Motte and Bailey:

  
• How did Normans change education?

  Created grammar schools
• Pembroke and Carmarthen Castles:


  Built along rivers to control trade and travellers.