Examine occurrence of health-related states or events in populations rather than among individuals (“population medicine”)
Epidemiology
Studies the patterns of disease occurrence in human populations and the factors that influence this pattern
Basic science of public health and medicine
Epidemic
Derived from the Greek word “epi” and “demos” & “logos”, meaning "Upon the people and leading the people"
Distribution
Refers to the analysis of health-related states or events in terms of person, place, and time characteristics
Epidemiology
Study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specified populations, and the application of this study to the prevention and control of health problems
Determinants
Biological
Chemical
Physical
Social
Cultural
Economic
Genetic
Behavioral
Ancient Greeks had early explanations for disease such as wrath of gods, evil spirits, religious beliefs, and weather. Treatment included praying to good spirits, offering sacrifices, and building to purify the air
400 BC
John Graunt used quantitative methods to describe vital population statistics
1669
Ignas Semmelweis, known as the Father of Handwashing, pioneered antiseptic procedures and investigated mortality rates from childbed fever
1840
John Snow, the Father of Modern Epidemiology, investigated the source of a cholera outbreak using modern field epidemiology methods
1849-1854
Robert Koch, known for the "Germ/Bacteriological" theory, postulated the causes of diseases by specific living organisms
1884
Framingham Study started in 1949
Explosion of investigation of disease occurrences and development of epidemiologic methods for noncommunicable diseases
1990s
Disease causation
Something that brings about an effect
An event, condition, characteristic or a combination of these factors which has a role in producing the health outcome
Disease causation
Process by which disease occur and progress in the human body
BritishDoctorStudy
Enrolled thousand British male doctors
Provided strong evidence linking smoking to lung cancer
Microorganisms must be observed in, and recovered from the experimentally diseased animals
Framingham Study
Started in 1949
Recruited disease-free men and women
Initial medical history and physical exam, follow-up every 2 years
Provide evidence in identification of risk factors for cardiovascular heart diseases (blood pressure, cholesterol, smoking, activity level)
Advance the design and implementation of longitudinal studies
Germ Theory of Disease
States that specific microscopic organisms are the cause of specific diseases
Exposure triggers the disease process to start
Associations between a suspected cause and outcome should not be used as factual basis for disregarding possible risk factors
Natural History of Disease is the progression of a disease process in an individual over time, in the absence of treatment
Specificity of the association is the weakest of all guidelines and should probably be deleted from the list
Susceptibility factors include behaviors that increase opportunity for exposure, poor health and nutrition, lack of immunity
Subclinical stages of diseases are stages before diagnosis
Adaptation is the immune system response
Classification of diseases is a method of grouping diseases based on their specific features, following a standard set of principles
International Classification of Diseases (ICD) is a diagnostic classification standard for all clinical and research purposes used by more than 100 countries worldwide
Epidemic is the study of the distribution and determinants of health related states, and studies the pattern of disease occurrences. Basic science of health and medicine.
Health related states refer to specific health outcomes (disease, disability, death)
Distribution refers to the analysis of health related states, and is the frequency number of health relative to population size
Specified population is examinee occurrence of health related state or events in populations rather than among individuals "population medicine"
Who is the father of medicine?
Hippocrates
Give 3 physical environment factors influencing disease?
Changing the season, hot cold wind, qualities of water
Who is the first to discover regularities in morality and uses quantitative methods in describing vital population statistics (counting of births & deaths)?
John Graunt
Who is the father of handwashing and pioneer to antiseptic procedures, and investigated why mortality rate was higher in the clinic for medical students than that for midwives?
Ignas Semmelweis
Who is the father of modern epidemiology?
John Snow
What are the 2 service companies denotes high cholera rates that Snow notes in districts?
Lambeth company, Southwark & Vauxhall company
Who is known for "Germ/Bacteriological" Theory?
Robert Koch
What study provide evidence in identification of the risk factors for cardiovascular heart diseases?