Cellular respiration

• Glycolysis produces a net gain of two molecules of ATP and two molecules of NADH.
• The electron transport chain is located on the inner mitochondrial membrane.
• Reduced coenzymes (NADH) donate their electrons to the electron transport chain.
• Electron carriers transfer high-energy electrons between redox reactions.
• Oxidative phosphorylation occurs during cellular respiration, where electrons are transferred from NADH to oxygen through an electron transport chain.
• The citric acid cycle, also known as the Krebs cycle or TCA cycle, is an aerobic metabolic pathway that occurs in the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells and some prokaryotes.
• The electron transport chain has the highest ATP efficiency, generating most of the total ATP (34) in the mitochondria.
• Electrons are passed from one carrier to another, releasing energy that is used to pump hydrogen ions (H+) across the membrane into the intermembrane space.
• The electron transport chain generates 32 ATP molecules per NADH and 2 ATP molecules per FADH2.
• The electron transport chain utilizes the coenzymes NADH and FADH2 to convert ADP to ATP catalyzed by complex I, complex III, and complex IV.
• The Krebs cycle, also known as the citric acid cycle, is the second step in cellular respiration and occurs in the mitochondria of the cell.
• Oxidative phosphorylation occurs during cellular respiration, where oxygen serves as an acceptor of electrons from reduced coenzymes.
• Oxidation involves losing electrons, while reduction involves gaining electrons.
• Electron carriers are proteins that transfer electrons between complexes in the electron transport chain.
• The electron transport chain is responsible for the majority of ATP production in cellular respiration.
• ATP synthase uses energy released by protons moving across the inner mitochondrial membrane to synthesize ATP.
• ATP synthase uses energy from proton flow across the inner mitochondrial membrane to synthesize ATP.
• Chemiosmosis is the process by which ATP is produced through oxidative phosphorylation.
• ATP synthesis involves the formation of a transmembrane electrochemical gradient by pumping H+ across the inner membrane of the mitochondrion.
• Complexes I-IV are protein complexes involved in oxidative phosphorylation.
• Alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase removes hydrogen atoms from alpha-ketoglutarate to produce succinyl CoA and CO2.
• ATP synthase uses this electrochemical gradient to synthesize ATP.
• Cellular respiration is an exergonic process