Nervous system

• olfactory 1

  sensory : sense of smell
• Optic 2

  sensory : carrying visual information from the eyes to the brain
• Oculomotor 3

  Motor : up, down and sideways movement of the eye movement
• Trochlear 4

  Motor : inwards and downward movement in the eye
• Trigeminal 5

  sensory: sensory information from face to the brain. touch, pain, temperature from areas such as skin of face, inside of mouth and teeth. motor function : responsible for chewing up and down.
• Abducens 6

  motor : sideways left and right movement in the eyes
• facial 7

  sensory :sensations like touch pain and temperature on the face. motor : allows to make facial expressions. smile, frown, blinking and move your lips and eyebrows.
• Auditory 8 / Vestibulocochlear

  sensory : sense of hearing
• Glossopharyngeal 9

  sensory : helps taste and feel in the back of your throat and mouth motor : controls muscles in the throat used for swallowing and speaking. regulates breathing
• Vagus 10

  main nerves of your parasympathetic nervous system. sensory : carries information from organs in the chest and abdomen. motor : involved in swallowing and speaking. regulate important processes like heart rate, digestion and immune response.
• accessory 11

  motor : helps you move your head, shoulders and neck in different directions.
• Hypoglossal 12

  Motor : controls the movement of the tongue. it contributes in speaking, swallowing, eating and overall oral function
• cerebral cortex 


  The cerebral cortex is the outer layer of the brain and it's responsible for many important functions, like thinking, reasoning, problem-solving, memory, language, and controlling voluntary movements. It's basically the part of the brain that helps us do all the things we consciously think about and do.
• meninges

  The meninges are a protective layer of membranes that surround and cushion the brain and spinal cord. They act like a protective barrier, shielding the delicate nervous tissue from injury and providing support.
• corpus callous

  The corpus callosum connects the left and right hemispheres of the brain. It enables the sharing of information and integration of activities between the two sides of the brain, which is crucial for various cognitive processes, including learning, memory, problem-solving, and motor coordination.
• olfactory bulb

  The olfactory bulb is a structure in the brain responsible for processing and interpreting smells. It receives signals from the olfactory receptors in the nose and helps us identify different odors.
• Olfactory tract

  The olfactory tract is a part of the brain that helps us sense and interpret smells. It's like a pathway that carries information from the olfactory receptors in our nose to the brain, specifically to the olfactory bulb and then to other areas of the brain responsible for processing smells and triggering appropriate responses.
• optic chiasma

  The optic chiasma is a structure in the brain where eyes cross over to the opposite side of the brain. This crossing over allows for information from both eyes to be combined and processed together
• pituitary gland

  The pituitary gland, often called the "master gland," is a small pea-sized gland located at the base of the brain. Its main function is to produce and release hormones that control many other glands in the body. These hormones regulate various processes such as growth, metabolism, reproduction, stress response, and water balance.
• pituitary stalk 


  The pituitary stalk is like a "bridge" that connects the pituitary gland to the brain. Its main function is to transport hormones produced by the hypothalamus, which is a part of the brain, to the pituitary gland. This allows for communication between the brain and the pituitary gland, which is important for regulating various bodily functions such as growth, metabolism, and reproduction.
• Pons

  A part of the brainstem that acts as a bridge connecting different parts of the brain with each other and with the spinal cord
• Pons

  • Helps relay signals between the cerebrum and the cerebellum
  • Regulates breathing, sleeping, and other basic functions of the body
  • Coordinates communication between different areas of the brain
  • Controls essential bodily functions like breathing and sleeping
• medulla oblongata

  • medulla oblongata is the part of the brainstem that controls many important functions in the body, like breathing, heart rate, swallowing, and digestion. It also helps regulate things like blood pressure and reflexes, such as coughing or sneezing. Basically, it acts as the control center for many automatic or involuntary actions that keep us alive and functioning properly.
• thalamus

  the thalamus acts like a relay station in the brain. It receives sensory information from the body, such as touch, taste, sight, and hearing, and then sends this information to the appropriate areas of the brain for further processing and interpretation. Additionally, the thalamus plays a role in regulating consciousness, sleep, and alertness.
• pineal gland 


  The pineal gland is a small gland located deep in the brain. Its main function is to produce a hormone called melatonin, which helps regulate sleep-wake cycles.
• hypothalamus 


  The hypothalamus is a small area in the brain that acts like a control center for many important functions in the body. It helps regulate things like body temperature, hunger and thirst, sleep patterns, emotions, and hormone production. Basically, it helps keep your body running smoothly by coordinating various bodily processes and responding to changes in the environment.
• cerebellum

  the cerebellum is like the brain's "coordination center." It helps control movement, balance, and coordination. So, when you walk, run, or even just reach for something, the cerebellum helps make sure your movements are smooth and coordinated. It also helps with balance and posture, so you can stay upright and stable. Overall, the cerebellum is essential for smooth, coordinated movements and maintaining balance.
• ventricle


  the ventricles in the brain are fluid-filled spaces that help cushion and protect the brain, as well as provide a pathway for circulating cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). CSF is a clear fluid that surrounds the brain and spinal cord, acting as a shock absorber and helping to remove waste products from the brain. The ventricles produce and store CSF, which flows through them and circulates around the brain and spinal cord, providing nutrients and removing metabolic waste. Essentially, the ventricles help maintain a healthy environment for the brain to function properly.
• cerebrospinal fluid

  fluid that surrounds and protects the brain and spinal cord. Its main functions are to cushion and support the brain, providing a protective layer against injuries and impacts. CSF also helps to remove waste products and excess substances from the brain and spinal cord, regulating the chemical environment and maintaining stable conditions for optimal functioning of the nervous system.
• What three structures make up the brain stem?What three structures make up the brain stem?

  medulla oblangota, pons and midbrain
• The cerebellum, when cut for a sagittal section has a white ‘tree-like’ pattern. What is this pattern called?

  Arbor vitae
• Motor neurons are efferent neurons. Sensory neurons are afferent neurons. What does this mean?

  Efferent(motor) neurons : carry signals away from the CNS Afferent(sensory) neurons : carry signals from sensory receptors to CNS
• List the cranial nerves that are able to move the eye.

  Cranial nerve III (Oculomotor nerve): controls most of eye muscle. Cranial nerve IV (Trochlear nerve): downward and inward. Cranial nerve VI (Abducens nerve: outward.
• List the cranial nerves that relay sensory information from the tongue.

  Cranial nerve V (Trigeminal nerve):
• Both cranial nerve X (vagus) and cranial nerve VIII (vestibulocochlear) relay sensory information from the ear. How do they differ in the type of information that they relay?

  Vagus: General sensory and autonomic information. Vestibulocochlear: Special sensory information related to hearing and balance.
• What structures are located in the ventral horn?


  is a region of gray matter within the spinal cord that contains motor neurons.
• Interneuron function?

  Facilitate communication between neurons.
• Explain biceps reflex

  involuntary movement of the forearm in response to a tap on the biceps tendon, which is located just above the elbow. When the tendon is tapped, it stretches the biceps muscle, which sends a signal to the spinal cord.
• explain triceps reflex

  When your doctor taps the tendon just below your elbow with a small rubber hammer, it stretches the triceps muscle in your upper arm. This stretch sends a signal to your spinal cord. In response, your spinal cord sends a message back to your triceps muscle, causing it to contract and jerk your lower arm backward.
• explain patellar reflex

  When your doctor taps just below your kneecap with a small rubber hammer, it stretches the tendon of your quadriceps muscle in your thigh. This stretch sends a message to your spinal cord. In response, your spinal cord sends a message back to your quadriceps muscle, causing it to contract and make your lower leg kick forward.