SOAP AND DETERGENT

• Mount Sapo incident

  Rain washed a mixture of melted animal fat or tallow and wood ashes into the clay soil along the Tiber River, making washing easier for women
• Soap making was known in ancient Babylon


  2800 B.C.
• Chemical Structure of Soap

  Saponification - heating plant oils and animal fats with liquid alkali to produce soap, water, and glycerine
• Soap making was an established craft in Europe in the 7th century, with Italy, Spain, and France as early centers for soap manufacturing
• In 1791, Nicholas Leblanc patented the process of making soda ash from common salt, which is combined with fat to form soap
• In 1916, Germany created the first synthetic detergent in response to World War I soap ingredient shortages, leading to the development of synthetic cleaners to meet demand
• Soap and detergent are two of the most common cleaning products used in households
• Ancient Roman legend: 'Soap got its name from Mount Sapo where animals were sacrificed'
• By the second century, a Greek physician, Galen, recommended soap for medicinal and cleansing purposes
• In the mid-1800s, Ernest Solvay invented the ammonia process to make soda ash from common table salt, further reducing the cost and increasing the quantity and quality for soap manufacturing
• By the 1950s, detergents had overtaken traditional soap products in homes across America
• Another way of soap making

  Hydrolysis of oils and fats in high-pressure steam to yield crude fatty acids and glycerine, purification of fatty acids through distillation and neutralization with alkali to form soap and water
• Preparation of Soap

  Ingredients: Fatty acid from animal fats and vegetable oils, Alkali (Sodium hydroxide or Potassium hydroxide)
• Chemical Structure of Detergent

  Chemicals like sulfur trioxide and sulfuric acid react with the hydrocarbon from petrochemical or oleochemical to produce a new acid. The new acid then reacts with the alkali to produce the anionic surfactant molecule. Another way is converting the hydrocarbon chain to fatty alcohol and then reacting it with ethylene oxide to produce a nonionic surfactant, which can further react to sulfur containing acids to form the anionic surfactant, the active ingredient of detergents
• Soap making

  1. Produce soap plus water plus glycerine

  2. Hydrolysis of oils and fats in high pressure steam to yield crude fatty acids and glycerine

  3. Purification of fatty acids through distillation and neutralization of fatty acids with alkali to form soap and water
• Detergent preparation

  Ingredients: Petrochemicals and oleochemical, Other chemicals like sulfur trioxide, sulfuric acid or ethylene oxide, Alkali
• How soap and detergent works

  Three types of energy needed for good cleaning result: Chemical energy provided by the soap and detergent, Thermal energy from water temperature change, Mechanical energy from machine, hand rubbing, and agitation. Surface tension is a property of water that slows down wetting of the surface. Surfactants lower surface tension, enabling the cleaning solution to wet a surface more quickly, emulsify oily soils, and keep them dispersed and suspended
• Egyptian medical document describes combining animal and vegetable oils with alkaline salts to form soap-like material
•  a Greek physician, Galen, recommended soap for both medicinal and cleansing purposes. 
• In mid 1800s, Ernest Solvay invented

  another soap technology, the ammonia process to

  make soda ash out of common table salt.
• y the 1950s, detergents had overtaken traditional soap products in homes across America.
• soap is not effective in HARD WATER due to formation of SCUM
• soap is BIODEGRADABLE
• Detergent is NON-BIODEGRADABLE
• SODIUM HYDROXIDE (NAOH) is known as CAUSTIC SODA for HARD SOAP
• POTASSIUM HYDROXIDE or (KOH) is known as CAUSTIC POTASH for SOFT SOAP
• GLYCERINE for consistency
• preparation of detergent: PETROCHEMICALS AND OLEOCHEMICALS, OTHER CHEMICALS LIKE SULFUR TRIOXIDE, SULFURIC ACID AND ETHYLENE OXIDE, and ALKALI
• Surface Tension – a property of water that is created as the water molecules at the surface are pulled into the body of water.
• SURFACE TENSION- slows down the wetting process and inhibits cleaning process
• • Surfactant also called as surface-active agents
• SURFACTANTS - lower the surface tension
• ANIONIC - negative
• CATIONIC - positive
• NONINONIC- no charge
• AMPOTHERIC or ZWITTERIONIC - positive, negatie or no charge
• Builders 

  • Enhance the cleaning effectiveness of surfactants 
• BUILDERS - lowers hardness of water
• Sequestration or chelation – holding hard materials in the solution 
• Precipitation – forming an insoluble substance